United States

Counterarguments (CAs) are a valuable tool in education for enhancing critical thinking skills. Despite their effectiveness, the logical attack structure of counterarguments in relation to their corresponding opponent argument remains unexplored due to its complexity. Towards tackling this challenge, in this work, we introduce $\textbf{C}$ounter-$\textbf{A}$rgument $\textbf{L}$ogical $\textbf{S}$tructure $\textbf{A}$nalysis ($\textbf{CALSA}$), a new task. We first define 10 new CA logic patterns, each comprised of a unique template and slots. We then conduct an annotation study on top of 778 CAs using our patterns to create a new dataset. Our dataset achieves high annotator agreement (Krippendorff $\alpha$=0.50) and high coverage (86.5\%). We perform preliminary experiments employing recent large language models to assess the feasibility of automating CA logical structure analysis. Our findings highlight the task&#39;s inherent complexity within a straightforward framework, indicating exciting opportunities for further exploration. We publicly release our dataset and model scripts at https://github.com/cl-tohoku/CALSA.

EMNLP 2024

Designing Logic Pattern Templates for Counter-Argument Logical Structure Analysis

weight-only quantization

quantization

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

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EMNLP 2025

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Counterarguments (CAs) are a valuable tool in education for enhancing critical thinking skills. Despite their effectiveness, the logical attack structure of counterarguments in relation to their corresponding opponent argument remains unexplored due to its complexity. Towards tackling this challenge, in this work, we introduce $\textbf{C}$ounter-$\textbf{A}$rgument $\textbf{L}$ogical $\textbf{S}$tructure $\textbf{A}$nalysis ($\textbf{CALSA}$), a new task. We first define 10 new CA logic patterns, each comprised of a unique template and slots. We then conduct an annotation study on top of 778 CAs using our patterns to create a new dataset. Our dataset achieves high annotator agreement (Krippendorff $\alpha$=0.50) and high coverage (86.5\%). We perform preliminary experiments employing recent large language models to assess the feasibility of automating CA logical structure analysis. Our findings highlight the task's inherent complexity within a straightforward framework, indicating exciting opportunities for further exploration. We publicly release our dataset and model scripts at https://github.com/cl-tohoku/CALSA.

poster

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The same real-life questions posed to different individuals may lead to different answers based on their unique situations. For instance, whether a student is eligible for a scholarship depends on eligibility conditions, such as major or degree required. ConditionalQA was proposed to evaluate models' capability of reading a document and answering eligibility questions, considering *unmentioned* conditions. However, it is limited to questions on single documents, neglecting harder cases that may require *cross-document reasoning* and *optimization*, for example, "What is the maximum number of scholarships attainable?" Such questions over multiple documents are not only more challenging due to more context to understand, but also because the model has to (1) explore all possible combinations of unmentioned conditions and (2) understand the relationship between conditions across documents, to reason about the optimal outcome. To evaluate models' capability of answering such questions, we propose a new dataset MDCR, which can reflect real-world challenges and serve as a new test bed for complex conditional reasoning that requires optimization. We evaluate this dataset using the most recent LLMs and demonstrate their limitations in solving this task. We believe this dataset will facilitate future research in answering optimization questions with unknown conditions.

MDCR: A Dataset for Multi-Document Conditional Reasoning

Employing Large Language Models (LLMs) to assess the quality of generated responses has become a widely adopted evaluation method. Specifically, instruct-tuned models and fine-tuned judge models based on open-source LLMs have been reported. While it is known that judge models are vulnerable to certain biases, such as favoring longer answers regardless of content, the specifics of these biases remain under-explored. In this work, we qualitatively identify six types of biases inherent in various judge models. We propose EvalBiasBench as a meta-evaluation collection of hand-crafted test cases for each bias type. Additionally, we present de-biasing dataset construction methods and the associated preference dataset OffsetBias. Experimental results demonstrate that fine-tuning on our dataset significantly enhances the robustness of judge models against biases and improves performance across most evaluation scenarios. We release our datasets and the fine-tuned judge model to public.

OffsetBias: Leveraging Debiased Data for Tuning Evaluators

As generative AI progresses, collaboration be-
tween doctors and AI scientists is leading to the
development of personalized models to stream-
line healthcare tasks and improve productivity.
Summarizing doctor-patient dialogues has be-
come important, helping doctors understand
conversations faster and improving patient care.
While previous research has mostly focused on
text data, incorporating visual cues from pa-
tient interactions allows doctors to gain deeper
insights into medical conditions. Most of this
research has centered on English datasets, but
real-world conversations often mix languages
for better communication. To address the lack
of resources for multimodal summarization of
code-mixed dialogues in healthcare, we devel-
oped the MCDH dataset. Additionally, we cre-
ated HealthAlignSumm, a new model that in-
tegrates visual components with the BART ar-
chitecture. This represents a key advancement
in multimodal fusion, applied within both the
encoder and decoder of the BART model. Our
work is the first to use alignment techniques,
including state-of-the-art algorithms like Direct
Preference Optimization, on encoder-decoder
models with synthetic datasets for multimodal
summarization. Through extensive experi-
ments, we demonstrated the superior perfor-
mance of HealthAlignSumm across several
metrics validated by both automated assess-
ments and human evaluations. The dataset
MCDH and our proposed model HealthAlign-
Summ will be available in this GitHub account
https://github.com/AkashGhosh/Health
AlignSumm-Utilizing-Alignment-for-M
ultimodal-Summarization-of-Code-Mix
ed-Healthcare-Dialogues
Disclaimer: This work involves medical im-
agery based on the subject matter of the topic.

HealthAlignSumm : Utilizing Alignment for Multimodal Summarization of Code-Mixed Healthcare Dialogues

Length-control summarization aims to condense long texts into a short one within a certain length limit. Previous approaches often use autoregressive (AR) models and treat the length requirement as a soft constraint, which may not always be satisfied. In this study, we propose a novel length-control decoding algorithm based on the directed acyclic Transformer (DAT). Our approach allows for multiple plausible sequence fragments and predicts a \emph{path} to connect them. In addition, we propose a Sequence Maximum a Posteriori (Seq-MAP) decoding algorithm that marginalizes different possible paths and finds the most probable summary satisfying the length budget. Our algorithm is based on beam search, which further facilitates a reranker for performance improvement. Experimental results on the Gigaword dataset demonstrate our state-of-the-art performance for length-control summarization.

A Decoding Algorithm Based on Directed Acyclic Transformers for Length-Control Summarization

In an era where information is quickly shared across many cultural and language contexts, the neutrality and integrity of news media are essential. Ensuring that media content remains unbiased and factual is crucial for maintaining public trust. With this in mind, we introduce SAFARI (CroSs-lingual BiAs and Factuality Detection in News MediA and News ARtIcles), a novel corpus of news media and articles for predicting political bias and the factuality of reporting in a multilingual and cross-lingual setup. To the best of our knowledge, this corpus is unprecedented in its collection and introduces a dataset for political bias and factuality for three tasks: (i) media-level, (ii) article-level, and (iii) joint modeling at the article-level. At the media and article levels, we evaluate the cross-lingual ability of the models; however, in joint modeling, we evaluate on English data. Our frameworks set a new benchmark in the cross-lingual evaluation of political bias and factuality. This is achieved through the use of various Multilingual Pre-trained Language Models (MPLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) coupled with ensemble learning methods.

SAFARI: Cross-lingual Bias and Factuality Detection in News Media and News Articles

Recent work has explored the capability of large language models (LLMs) to identify and correct errors in LLM-generated responses. 
These refinement approaches frequently evaluate what sizes of models are able to do refinement for what problems, but less attention is paid to what effective feedback for refinement looks like. In this work, we propose looking at refinement with feedback as a composition of three distinct LLM competencies: (1) detection of bad generations; (2) fine-grained natural language critique generation; (3) refining with fine-grained feedback. The first step can be implemented with a high-performing discriminative model and steps 2 and 3 can be implemented either via prompted or fine-tuned LLMs. A key property of the proposed Detect, Critique, Refine ("DCR") method is that the step 2 critique model can give fine-grained feedback about errors, made possible by offloading the discrimination to a separate model in step 1. We show that models of different capabilities benefit from refining with DCR on the task of improving factual consistency of document grounded summaries. Overall, DCR consistently outperforms existing end-to-end refinement approaches and current trained models not fine-tuned for factuality critiquing.

Learning to Refine with Fine-Grained Natural Language Feedback

Implicit knowledge hidden within the explicit table cells, such as data insights, is the key to generating a high-quality table summary. However, unveiling such implicit knowledge is a non-trivial task. Due to the complex nature of structured tables, it is challenging even for large language models (LLMs) to mine the implicit knowledge in an insightful and faithful manner. To address this challenge, we propose a novel table reasoning framework Question-then-Pinpoint. Our work focuses on building a plug-and-play table reasoner that can self-question the insightful knowledge and answer it by faithfully pinpointing evidence on the table to provide explainable guidance for the summarizer. To train a reliable reasoner, we collect table knowledge by guiding a teacher LLM to follow the coarse-to-fine reasoning paths and refine it through two quality enhancement strategies to selectively distill the high-quality knowledge to the reasoner. Extensive experiments on two table summarization datasets, including our newly proposed InsTaSumm, validate the general effectiveness of our framework.

Unveiling Implicit Table Knowledge with Question-Then-Pinpoint Reasoner for Insightful Table Summarization

Humanitarian organizations can enhance their effectiveness by analyzing data to discover trends, gather 
aggregated insights, manage their security risks, support decision-making, and inform advocacy and funding 
proposals. However, data about violent incidents with direct impact and relevance for humanitarian aid 
operations is not readily available. An automatic data collection and NLP-backed classification framework 
aligned with humanitarian perspectives can help bridge this gap. In this paper, we present HumVI – a dataset 
comprising news articles in three languages (English, French, Arabic) containing instances of different types 
of violent incidents categorized by the humanitarian sector they impact, e.g., aid security, education, food 
security, health, and protection. Reliable labels were obtained for the dataset by partnering with a data-backed 
humanitarian organization, Insecurity Insight. We provide multiple benchmarks for the dataset, employing 
various deep learning architectures and techniques, including data augmentation and mask loss, to address 
different task-related challenges, e.g., domain expansion. The dataset is publicly available at 
https://github.com/dataminr-ai/humvi-dataset.

DAVINCI: Dataset for Detection of Violent Incidents

Cross-lingual summarization aims to bridge language barriers by summarizing documents in different languages. However, ensuring semantic coherence across languages is an overlooked challenge and can be critical in several contexts. To fill this gap, we introduce multi-target cross-lingual summarization as the task of summarizing a document into multiple target languages while ensuring that the produced summaries are semantically similar. We propose a principled re-ranking approach to this problem and a multi-criteria evaluation protocol to assess semantic coherence across target languages, marking a first step that will hopefully stimulate further research on this problem.

Multi-Target Cross-Lingual Summarization: a novel task and a language-neutral approach

Translating culture-related content is vital for effective cross-cultural communication. However, many culture-specific items (CSIs) often lack literal translation across languages, making it challenging to collect high-quality, diverse parallel corpora with CSI annotations. This difficulty hinders the analysis of cultural awareness of machine translation (MT) systems, including traditional neural MT and the emerging MT paradigm using large language models (LLM). To address this gap, we introduce a novel parallel corpus, enriched with CSI annotations in 6 language pairs for investigating Cultural-Aware Machine Translation---CAMT. Furthermore, we design two evaluation metrics to assess CSI translations, focusing on their pragmatic translation quality. Our findings show the superior ability of LLMs over neural MTs in leveraging external cultural knowledge for translating CSIs, especially those lacking translations in the target culture.

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MDCR: A Dataset for Multi-Document Conditional Reasoning

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