United States

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in handling complex dialogue tasks without requiring use case-specific fine-tuning. However, analyzing live dialogues in real-time necessitates low-latency processing systems, making it impractical to deploy models with billions of parameters due to latency constraints. As a result, practitioners often prefer smaller models with millions of parameters, trained on high-quality, human-annotated datasets. Yet, curating such datasets is both time-consuming and costly. Consequently, there is a growing need to combine the scalability of LLM-generated labels with the precision of human annotations, enabling fine-tuned smaller models to achieve both higher speed and accuracy comparable to larger models. In this paper, we introduce a simple yet effective framework to address this challenge. Our approach is specifically designed for per-utterance classification problems, which encompass tasks such as intent detection, dialogue state tracking, and more. To mitigate the impact of labeling errors from LLMs -- the primary source of inaccuracies in student models -- we propose a noise-reduced preference learning loss. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly improves accuracy across utterance-level dialogue tasks, including sentiment detection (over 2%), dialogue act classification (over 1.5%), etc.

NAACL 2025

Learning LLM Preference over Intra-Dialogue Pairs: A Framework for Utterance-level Understandings

semi-supervised learning; preference learning

dialog classification

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
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ACL 2025

Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

poster

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
**[Continue reading...](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jX-qGhqVSZZCIrAnJaz798pflu5Irrdn/view?usp=sharing)**

*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Designing effective debt collection systems is crucial for improving operational efficiency and reducing costs in the financial industry. However, the challenges of maintaining script diversity, contextual relevance, and coherence make this task particularly difficult. This paper presents a debt collection system based on real debtor-collector data from a major commercial bank. We construct a script library from real-world debt collection conversations, and propose a two-stage retrieval based response system for contextual relevance. Experimental results show that our system improves script diversity, enhances response relevance, and achieves practical deployment efficiency through knowledge distillation. This work offers a scalable and automated solution, providing valuable insights for advancing debt collection practices in real-world applications.

A Diverse and Effective Retrieval-Based Debt Collection System with Expert Knowledge

Universal query embeddings that accurately capture the semantic meaning of search queries are crucial for supporting a range of query understanding (QU) tasks within enterprises.
However, current embedding approaches often struggle to effectively represent queries due to the shortness of search queries and their tendency for surface-level variations.


We propose a user-behavior-driven contrastive learning approach which directly aligns embeddings according to user intent.
This approach uses intent-aligned query pairs as positive examples, derived from two types of real-world user interactions: (1) clickthrough data, in which queries leading to clicks on the same URLs are assumed to share the same intent, and (2) session data, in which queries within the same user session are considered to share intent.
By incorporating these query pairs into a robust contrastive learning framework, we can construct query embedding models that align with user intent while minimizing reliance on surface-level lexical similarities.


Evaluations on real-world QU tasks demonstrated that these models substantially outperformed state-of-the-art text embedding models such as mE5 and SimCSE.
Our models have been deployed in our search engine to support QU technologies.

Search Query Embeddings via User-behavior-driven Contrastive Learning

Context:
Despite the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), they pose significant risks in many domains and therefore require guardrails throughout the lifecycle.


Problem:
Many such guardrails are trained as classifiers with domain-specific human text datasets obtained from sources such as social media and they achieve reasonable performance against closed-domain benchmarks. When deployed in the real world, however, the guardrails have to deal with machine text in an open domain, and their performance deteriorates drastically, rendering them almost unusable due to a high level of false refusal.


Solution:
In this paper, using a self-harm detector as an example, we demonstrate the specific challenges facing guardrail deployment due to the data drift between training and production environments. More specifically, we formed two hypotheses about the potential causes, i.e. closed vs. open domain, human vs. LLM-generated text, and conducted five experiments to explore various potential remedies, including their respective advantages and disadvantages.


Evaluation:
While focusing on one example, our experience and knowledge of LLM guardrails give us great confidence that our work contributes to a more thorough understanding of guardrail deployment and can be generalized as a methodology to build more robust domain-specific guardrails in real-world applications.

Challenges and Remedies of Domain-Specific Classifiers as LLM Guardrails: Self-Harm as a Case Study

Manual assignment of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes to prescription records is a significant bottleneck in healthcare research and operations at Ontario Health and InterRAI Canada, requiring extensive expert time and effort. To automate this process while maintaining data privacy, we develop a practical approach using locally deployable large language models (LLMs). Inspired by recent advances in automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding, our method frames ATC coding as a hierarchical information extraction task, guiding LLMs through the ATC ontology level-by-level to reduce complexity. We evaluate our approach using GPT-4 as a performance ceiling and focus development on open-source Llama models suitable for privacy-sensitive deployment. Testing across Health Canada drug product data, RABBITS benchmark, and real clinical notes from Ontario Health, our method achieves 78% exact match accuracy with GPT-4 and 60% with Llama 3.1 70B on Health Canada product names, with similar performance on actual clinical prescriptions. We investigate knowledge grounding strategies by augmenting LLM prompts with drug definitions, finding modest improvements in accuracy. Further, we demonstrate that fine-tuned Llama 3.1 8B achieves performance comparable to zero-shot Llama 3.1 70B, suggesting that effective ATC coding is feasible with limited computational resources. Our results establish the viability of automated ATC coding in privacy-sensitive healthcare environments while highlighting practical considerations for deployment. This work provides Ontario Health and InterRAI Canada with a foundation for automating ATC coding processes in healthcare settings, without compromising data privacy or security.

Zero-Shot ATC Coding with Large Language Models for Clinical Assessments

Large Language Models (LLMs) have impacted the writing process, enhancing productivity by collaborating with humans in content creation platforms. However, generating high-quality, user-aligned text to satisfy real-world content creation needs remains challenging. We propose WritingPath, a framework that uses explicit outlines to guide LLMs in generating goal-oriented, high-quality text. Our approach draws inspiration from structured writing planning and reasoning paths, focusing on reflecting user intentions throughout the writing process. To validate our approach in real-world scenarios, we construct a diverse dataset from unstructured blog posts to benchmark writing performance and introduce a comprehensive evaluation framework assessing the quality of outlines and generated texts. Our evaluations with various LLMs demonstrate that the WritingPath approach significantly enhances text quality according to evaluations by both LLMs and professional writers.

Navigating the Path of Writing: Outline-guided Text Generation with Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in open-domain question answering. However, they continue to face challenges such as hallucinations and knowledge cutoffs. These issues can be mitigated through in-context learning by providing LLMs with relevant context before generating answers. Recent literature proposes Knowledge Graph Prompting (KGP) which integrates knowledge graphs with an LLM-based traversal agent to substantially enhance document retrieval quality. 
However, KGP requires costly fine-tuning with large datasets and remains prone to hallucination. 
In this paper, we propose CuriousLLM, an enhancement that integrates a curiosity-driven reasoning mechanism into an LLM agent. This mechanism enables the agent to generate relevant follow-up questions, thereby guiding the information retrieval process more efficiently.
Central to our approach is the development of the new Follow-upQA dataset, which includes questions and supporting evidence as input, with follow-up questions serving as ground truths. 
These follow-up questions either inquire about what is still missing to fully answer the user's query or use special tokens to signify that the retrieved evidence is sufficient. 
Our experiments show that CuriousLLM significantly boosts LLM performance in multi-document question answering (MD-QA), circumventing the substantial computational costs and latency from the original KGP framework.

CuriousLLM: Elevating Multi-Document Question Answering with LLM-Enhanced Knowledge Graph Reasoning

Data scarcity is one of the main problems when it comes to real-world applications of transformer-based models. This is especially evident for task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, which require specialized datasets, that are usually not readily available, hindering many companies from adding TOD systems to their services. This study therefore investigates a novel approach to sourcing annotated dialogues from existing monologue material.
Focusing on a real-world example from the travel industry, where a company handles travel inquiries via email, we investigate whether these monologues can be transformed into dialogue formats suitable for training TOD systems. To this end, we fine-tune state-of-the-art Large Language Models for the task of rewriting monologue e-mails as dialogues and annotating them.
To ensure the quality and validity of the generated data, we employ crowd workers to evaluate the dialogues across multiple criteria and to provide gold-standard annotations for the test dataset. We further evaluate the usefulness of the dialogues for training TOD systems.
Our evaluation shows that the dialogues and annotations are of high quality and can serve as a valuable starting point for training TOD systems.
Finally, we make the annotated dataset publicly available to foster future research.

MonoTODia: Translating Monologue Requests to Task-Oriented Dialogues

Predicting how long a patient is going to stay in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is considered an important problem for hospital administrators. While a number of studies have deployed classification models that use structured clinical variables, recent advances in language models have opened up the possibilities of using unstructured text data like nursing notes, discharge summaries etc. for ICU length-of-stay(LoS) prediction. In this paper, we propose a technique that analyses nursing notes to predict the remaining length of stay of a patient in the ICU. We propose a joint model of latent note categorization for the prediction. This latent categorization allows the model to identify high-level health contexts that influence patterns of disease severity for a patient. We evaluate the performance of our model on the openly available MIMIC-III dataset. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms competitive baselines.

Predicting ICU Length of Stay for Patients using Latent Categorization of Health Conditions

With the rise of online retail, customer reviews have become a critical factor in shaping purchasing decisions. The sheer volume of customer reviews being generated continuously presents a challenge for consumers who must sift through an overwhelming amount of feedback. To address this issue, we introduce RevieWeaver, a novel framework that extracts key product features and provides concise review summaries. Our innovative approach not only scales efficiently to 30 million reviews but also ensures reproducibility and controllability. Moreover, it delivers unbiased and reliable assessments of products that accurately reflect the input reviews.

RevieWeaver: Weaving Together Review Insights by Leveraging LLMs and Semantic Similarity

Existing zero-shot product attribute value (aspect) extraction approaches in e-Commerce industry rely on uni-modal or multi-modal models, where the sellers are asked to provide detailed textual inputs (product descriptions) for the products. However, manually providing (typing) the product descriptions is time-consuming and frustrating for the sellers. Thus, we propose a cross-modal zero-shot attribute value generation framework (ViOC-AG) based on CLIP, which only requires product images as the inputs. ViOC-AG follows a text-only training process, where a task-customized text decoder is trained with the frozen CLIP text encoder to alleviate the modality gap and task disconnection. During the zero-shot inference, product aspects are generated by the frozen CLIP image encoder connected with the trained task-customized text decoder. OCR tokens and outputs from a frozen prompt-based LLM correct the decoded outputs for out-of-domain attribute values. Experiments show that ViOC-AG significantly outperforms other fine-tuned vision-language models for zero-shot attribute value extraction.

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A Diverse and Effective Retrieval-Based Debt Collection System with Expert Knowledge

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