Italy


Sound event recognition systems are rapidly becoming part of our life, since they can be profitably used in several vertical markets, ranging from audio security applications to scene classification and multi-modal analysis in social robotics. In the last years, a not negligible part of the scientific community started to apply Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to image-based representations of the audio stream, due to their successful adoption in almost all the computer vision tasks.
In this paper, we carry out a detailed benchmark of various widely used CNN architectures and visual representations on a popular dataset, namely the MIVIA Audio Events database. Our analysis is aimed at understanding how these factors affect the sound event recognition performance with a particular focus on the false positive rate, very relevant in audio surveillance solutions. In fact, although most of the proposed solutions achieve a high recognition rate, the capability of distinguishing the events-of-interest from the background is often not yet sufficient for real systems, and prevent its usage in real applications. Our comprehensive experimental analysis investigates this aspect and allows to identify useful design guidelines for increasing the specificity of sound event recognition systems.

ICPR 2020

Which are the factors affecting the performance of audio surveillance systems?

audio surveillance

signal processing

convolutional neural networks

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


technical paper

This paper proposes an attentional network for the task of Continuous Sign Language Recognition. The proposed approach exploits co-independent streams of data to model the sign language modalities. These different channels of information
can share a complex temporal structure between each other. For that reason, we apply attention to synchronize and help capture entangled dependencies between the different sign language components. Even though Sign Language is multi-channel, handshapes represent the central entities in sign interpretation. Seeing handshapes in their correct context defines the meaning of a sign. Taking that into account, we utilize the attention mechanism to efficiently aggregate the hand features with their appropriate spatio-temporal context for better sign recognition.
We found that by doing so the model is able to identify the essential Sign Language components that revolve around the dominant hand and the face areas. We test our model on the benchmark dataset RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather 2014, yielding
competitive results.

Context Matters: Self-Attention for Sign Language Recognition

We introduce TAS500, a novel semantic segmentation dataset for autonomous
driving in unstructured outdoor environments. Using TAS500 as our training
dataset, we study how a more fine-grained labeling policy affects the overall
performance of the semantic segmentation.

A Fine-Grained Dataset and its Efficient Semantic Segmentation for Unstructured Driving Scenarios

In regression tasks, the data distribution is often too complex to be fitted by a single model. In contrast, partition-based models are developed where data is divided and fitted by local models. These models partition the input space and do not leverage the input-output dependency of multimodal- distributed data, and strong local models are needed to make good predictions. Addressing these problems, we propose a binary tree-structured hierarchical routing mixture of experts (HRME) model that has classifiers as non-leaf node experts and simple regression models as leaf node experts. The classifier nodes jointly soft-partition the input-output space based on the natural separateness of multimodal data. This enables simple leaf experts to be effective for prediction. Further, we develop a probabilistic framework for the HRME model and propose a recursive Expectation-Maximization (EM) based algorithm to learn both the tree structure and the expert models. Experiments on a collection of regression tasks validate our method’s effectiveness compared to various other regression models. 


Hierarchical Routing Mixture of Experts

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have been very successful in modeling non-Euclidean data structures, like sequences of body skeletons forming actions modeled as spatio-temporal graphs. Most GCN-based action recognition methods use deep feed-forward networks with high computational complexity to process all skeletons in an action. This leads to a high number of floating point operations (ranging from 16G to 100G FLOPs) to process a single sample, making their adoption in restricted computation application scenarios infeasible. 
In this paper, we propose a temporal attention module (TAM) for increasing the efficiency in skeleton-based action recognition by selecting the most informative skeletons of an action at the early layers of the network. We incorporate the TAM in a light-weight GCN topology to further reduce the overall number of computations. 
Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show that the proposed method outperforms with a large margin the baseline GCN-based method while having 2.9 less number of computations. Moreover, it performs on par with the state-of-the-art with up to 9.6 less number of computations.

Temporal Attention-Augmented Graph Convolutional Network for Efficient Skeleton-Based Human Action Recognition


In industrial vision, the anomaly detection problem can be addressed with an autoencoder trained to map an arbitrary image, i.e. with or without any defect, to a clean image, i.e. without any defect. In this approach, anomaly detection relies conventionally on the reconstruction residual or, alternatively, on the reconstruction uncertainty. To improve the sharpness of the reconstruction, we consider an autoencoder architecture with skip connections. In the common scenario where only clean images are available for training, we propose to corrupt them with a synthetic noise model to prevent the convergence of the network towards the identity mapping, and introduce an original Stain noise model for that purpose. We show that this model favors the reconstruction of clean images from arbitrary real-world images, regardless of the actual defects appearance. In addition to demonstrating the relevance of our approach, our validation provides the first consistent assessment of reconstruction-based methods, by comparing their performance over the MVTec AD dataset, both for pixel- and image-wise anomaly detection.

Improved anomaly detection by training an autoencoder with skip connections on images corrupted with Stain-shaped noise

Building an effective automatic micro expression recognition (MER) system is becoming increasingly desirable in computer vision applications. However, it is also very challenging given the fine-grained nature of the expressions to be recognized. Hence, we investigate if amplifying micro facial muscle movements as a pre-processing phase, by employing Eulerian Video Magnification (EVM), can boost performance of Local Phase Quantization with Three Orthogonal Planes (LPQ-TOP) to achieve improved facial MER across various datasets. In addition, we examine the rate of increase for recognition to determine if it is uniform across datasets using EVM. Ultimately, we classify the extracted features using Support Vector Machines (SVM). We evaluate and compare the performance with various methods on seven different datasets namely CASME, CAS(ME)2, CASME2, SMIC-HS, SMIC-VIS, SMIC-NIR and SAMM. The results obtained demonstrate that EVM can enhance LPQ-TOP to achieve improved recognition accuracy on the majority of the datasets.

Magnifying Spontaneous Facial Micro Expressions for Improved Recognition

Deep neural networks have been widely used in crowd counting that aims to give the number of objects in images and videos. The performance of crowd counting models is greatly affected by the size of datasets with high quality annotations. However, collecting and annotating large-scale crowd counting dataset is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this work, we exploit unlabeled web images to boost the performance of crowd counting models in a semi-supervised manner. Based on the observation that the rotation and splitting operations will not change the number of object in image, we design three auxiliary tasks to improve the feature representation ability of deep models. A semi-supervised multi-task learning framework is proposed by introducing three auxiliary tasks with respect to unlabeled data and our framework can be easily extended to other crowd counting models. Experiments shows that our semi-supervised multi-task learning framework can effectively boost the performance of crowd counting models on UCF-QNRF dataset and ShanghaiTech dataset.

Learning from Web Data: Improving Crowd Counting via Semi-Supervised Learning

In this paper, we propose Object Manifold Embedding GAN (Ω-GAN) to generate images of variously shaped and arbitrarily posed objects from a noise variable sampled from a distribution defined over the pose and the shape manifolds in a vector space. We introduce Parametric Manifold Sampling to sample noise variables from a distribution over the pose manifold to conditionally generate object images in arbitrary poses by tuning the pose parameter. We also introduce Object Identity Loss for clearly disentangling the pose and shape parameters, which allows us to maintain the shape of the object instance when only the pose parameter is changed. Through evaluation, we confirmed that the proposed Ω-GAN could generate variously shaped object images in arbitrary poses by changing the pose and shape parameters independently. We also introduce an application of the proposed method for object pose estimation, through which we confirmed that the object poses in the generated images are accurate.


OMEga-GAN: Object Manifold Embedding GAN for Image Generation via Disentangling Parameters into Pose and Shape Manifolds


Learning-based methods have enabled the recovery of a video sequence from a single motion-blurred image or a single coded exposure image. Recovering video from a single motion-blurred image is a very ill-posed problem and the recovered video usually has many artifacts. In addition to this, the direction of motion is lost and it results in motion ambiguity. However, it has the advantage of fully preserving the information in the static parts of the scene. The traditional coded exposure framework is better-posed but it only samples a fraction of the space-time volume, which is at best 50% of the space-time volume. Here, we propose to use the complementary information present in the fully-exposed (blurred) image along with the coded exposure image to recover a high fidelity video without any motion ambiguity. Our framework consists of a shared encoder followed by an attention module to selectively combine the spatial information from the fully-exposed image with the temporal information from the coded image, which is then super-resolved to recover a non-ambiguous high-quality video. The input to our algorithm is a fully-exposed and coded image pair. Such an acquisition system already exists in the form of a Coded-two-bucket (C2B) camera. We demonstrate that our proposed deep learning approach using blurred-coded image pair produces much better results than those from just a blurred image or just a coded image.

Video Reconstruction by Spatio-temporal Fusion of Blurred-coded Image Pair


Music is one of the most appreciated forms of art, and generating songs has become a popular subject in the artificial intelligence community. There are various networks that can produce pleasant sounding music, but no model has been able to produce music that duplicates the style of a specific artist or artists. In this paper, we extend a previous single-instrument model: the Deep Composer -a model we believe to be capable of achieving this. Deep Composer originates from the Deep Segment Hash Learning (DSHL) single instrument model and is designed to learn how a specific artist would place individual segments of music together rather than create music similar to a specific genre. To the best of our knowledge, no other network has been designed to achieve this. For these reasons, we introduce a new field of study, Intelligence Duplication (ID). AI research generally focuses on developing techniques to mimic universal intelligence. Intelligence Duplication (ID) research focuses on techniques to artificially duplicate or clone a specific mind such as Mozart. Additionally, we present a new retrieval algorithm, Segment Barrier Retrieval (SBR), to improve retrieval accuracy within the hash-space as opposed to a more traditionally used featurespace. SBR prevents retrieval branches from entering areas of low-density within the hash-space, a phenomena we identify and label as segment sparsity. To test our Deep Composer and the effectiveness of SBR, we evaluate various models with different SBR threshold values and conduct qualitative surveys for each model. The survey results indicate that our Deep Composer model is capable of learning music generation from multiple composers. Our extended Deep Composer model provides a more suitable platform for Intelligence Duplication. Future work can apply this platform to duplicate great composers such as Mozart or allow them to collaborate in the virtual space.

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Which are the factors affecting the performance of audio surveillance systems?

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