Italy

Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) methods are used to gain insight into the relevance of a feature of interest for the performance of a model. Commonly used IML methods differ in whether they consider features of interest in isolation, e.g., Permutation Feature Importance (PFI), or in relation to all remaining feature variables, e.g., Conditional Feature Importance (CFI). As such, the perturbation mechanisms inherent to PFI and CFI represent extreme reference points. We introduce Relative Feature Importance (RFI), a generalization of PFI and CFI that allows for a more nuanced feature importance computation beyond the PFI versus CFI dichotomy. With RFI, the importance of a feature relative to any other subset of features can be assessed, including variables that were not available at training time. We derive general interpretation rules for RFI based on a detailed theoretical analysis of the implications of relative feature relevance, and demonstrate the method&#39;s usefulness on simulated examples.

ICPR 2020

Relative Feature Importance

causality

feature importance

interpretability

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) methods are used to gain insight into the relevance of a feature of interest for the performance of a model. Commonly used IML methods differ in whether they consider features of interest in isolation, e.g., Permutation Feature Importance (PFI), or in relation to all remaining feature variables, e.g., Conditional Feature Importance (CFI). As such, the perturbation mechanisms inherent to PFI and CFI represent extreme reference points. We introduce Relative Feature Importance (RFI), a generalization of PFI and CFI that allows for a more nuanced feature importance computation beyond the PFI versus CFI dichotomy. With RFI, the importance of a feature relative to any other subset of features can be assessed, including variables that were not available at training time. We derive general interpretation rules for RFI based on a detailed theoretical analysis of the implications of relative feature relevance, and demonstrate the method's usefulness on simulated examples.

technical paper


A number of methods based on deep learning have been applied to medical image segmentation and have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Due to the importance of chest x-ray data in studying COVID-19, there is a demand for state-of-the-art models capable of precisely segmenting soft tissue on the chest x-rays. The dataset for exploring the best segmentation model is from Montgomery and Shenzhen hospital which had opened in 2014. The most famous technique is U-Net which has been used for many medical datasets including the Chest X-rays. However, most variant U-Nets mainly focus on the extraction of contextual information and skip connections. There is still a large space for improving the extraction of spatial features. In this paper, we propose a dual encoder fusion U-Net framework for Chest X-rays based on Inception Convolutional Neural Network with dilation, Densely Connected Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network, which is named DEFU-Net. The densely connected recurrent path extends the network deeper for facilitating contextual feature extraction. In order to increase the width of the network and enrich the representation of features, the inception blocks with dilation are adopted. The inception blocks can capture globally and locally spatial information from various receptive fields. At the same time, the two paths are fused by summing features, thus preserving the contextual and spatial information for the decoding part. This multi-learning-scale model is benefiting in the Chest X-ray dataset from two different manufacturers (Montgomery and Shenzhen hospital). The DEFU-Net achieves better performance than basic U-Net, residual U-Net, BCDU-Net, R2U-Net and attention R2U-Net. This model has proved the feasibility for the mixed datasets and approaches state-of-the-art.

Dual Encoder Fusion U-Net (DEFU-Net) for Cross-manufacturer Chest X-ray Segmentation

In feature embedding, the recovery of associated
discriminative information in the reduced subspace is critical
for downstream classifiers. In this study, a supervised feature
embedding method is proposed inspired by the well-known word
embedding technique, word2vec. Proposed embedding method
is implemented as representative learning of rank-based neighborhoods.
The notion of context words in word2vec is extended
into neighboring instances within a given window. Neighborship
is defined using ranks of instances rather than their values so
that regions with different densities are captured properly. Each
sample is represented by a unique one-hot vector whereas its
neighbors are encoded by several two-hot vectors. The two-hot
vectors are identical for neighboring samples of the same class. A
feed-forward neural network with a continuous projection layer,
then learns the mapping from one-hot vectors to multiple two-hot
vectors. The hidden layer determines the reduced subspace for
the train samples. The obtained transformation is then applied
on test data to find a lower-dimensional representation. Proposed
method is tested in classification problems on 10 UCI data
sets. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method is
effective in finding a discriminative representation of the features
and outperforms several supervised

Supervised Feature Embedding for Classification by Learning Rank-based Neighborhoods

Preventive conservation is an important practice in Cultural Heritage. The constant monitoring of the state of conservation of an artwork helps us reduce the risk of damage and number of necessary interventions. In this work, we propose a probabilistic approach for the detection of alterations on the surface of historical violins based on an a-contrario framework. Our method is a one step NFA clustering solution which considers grey-level and spatial density information in one background model. The proposed method is robust to noise and avoids parameter tuning and any assumption about the quantity of the worn-out areas. We have used as input UV induced fluorescence (UVIFL) images for considering details not perceivable with visible light. Tests were conducted on image sequences included in the ``Violins UVIFL imagery'' dataset. Results illustrate the ability of the algorithm to distinguish the worn area from the surrounding regions. Comparisons with state-of-the-art clustering methods show improved overall precision and recall.

One step clustering based on a-contrario framework for detection of alterations in historical violins


Speech emotion recognition (SER) is an important and challenging task. It requires that a machine learning model process a person’s speech signals and to judge his emotional state accurately. Due to the high dimensionality of the audio data, the extracted features are always noisy. Besides, the abstraction of audio features makes it impossible to fully use the inherent relationship among audio features. This paper proposes a model that combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a capsule network (CapsNet), named as CapCNN. The advantage of CapCNN lies in that it provides a solution for time sensitivity, and gives the overall characteristics. In this study, it is found that CapCNN can well handle the SER task. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, our algorithm shows high performances on the CASIA and EMODB datasets. The detailed analysis confirms that our method provides balanced results on various classes.

The Application of Capsule Neural Network Based CNN for Speech emotion recognition


Digital era has changed the way music is produced and propagated creating new needs for automated and more effective management of music tracks in big volumes. Automated music mood detection constitutes an active task in the field of MIR (Music Information Retrieval) and connected with many research papers in the past few years. In order to approach the task of mood detection, we faced separately the analysis of musical lyrics and the analysis of musical audio signals. Then we applied a uniform multichannel analysis to classify our data in mood classes. The available data we will use to train and evaluate our models consists of a total of 2.000 song titles, classified in four mood classes {happy, angry, sad, relaxed}. The result of this process leads to a uniform prediction for emotional arousal that a music track can cause to a listener and show the way to develop many applications.

Mood Detection Analyzing Lyrics and Audio Signal Based on Deep Learning Architectures

Various surface defects will inevitably occur in the production process of mobile phones, which have a huge impact on the enterprise. Therefore, precise defect detection is of great significance in the production of mobile phones. However,
traditional manual inspection and machine vision inspection have low efficiency and accuracy respectively which cannot meet the rapid production needs of modern enterprises. In this paper, we proposed a mobile phone surface defect (MPSD)
detection model based on deep learning, which greatly reduces the requirement of a large dataset and improves detection performance. First, Boundary Equilibrium Generative Adversarial Networks (BEGAN) is used to generate and augment the
defect data. Then, based on the Faster R-CNN model, Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) and ResNet 101 are combined as feature extraction network to get more small target defect features Further, replacing the ROI pooling layer with an ROI Align layer reduces the quantization deviation during the pooling process. Finally, we train and evaluate our model on our own dataset. The experimental results indicate that compared with some traditional methods based on handcrafted feature extraction and the traditional Faster R-CNN, the improved Faster R-CNN achieves 99.43% mAP, which is more effective in the field of MPSD defect detection.

Mobile Phone Surface Defect Detection Based On Improved Faster R-CNN


Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely used in scene text recognition and achieved remarkable performance. Such DNN-based scene text recognizers usually require plenty of training data for training, but data collection and annotation is usually cost-expensive in practice. To alleviate this issue, data augmentation is often applied to train the scene text recognizers. However, existing data augmentation methods including affine transformation and elastic transformation methods suffer from the problems of under- and over-diversity, due to the complexity of text contents and shapes. In this paper, we propose a sample-aware data augmentor to transform samples adaptively based on the contents of samples. Specifically, our data augmentor consists of three parts: gated module, affine transformation module, and elastic transformation module. In our data augmentor, affine transformation module focuses on keeping the affinity of samples, while elastic transformation module aims to improve the diversity of samples. With the gated module, our data augmentor determines transformation type adaptively based on the properties of training samples and the recognizer capability during the training process. Besides, our framework introduces an adversarial learning strategy to optimize the augmentor and the recognizer jointly. Extensive experiments on scene text recognition benchmarks show that our sample-aware data augmentor significantly improves the performance of state-of-the-art scene text recognizer.

Sample-aware Data Augmentor for Scene Text Recognition

In this paper, we introduce a Video Representation Fusion Network (VRFN) for movie genre classification. Our approach creates video-level features from a group of frames and fuses these features temporally to learn long-term temporal
information for the movie genre classification task. We use a pretrained I3D model to generate intermediate video representations and connect it with a C3D-LSTM model for feature fusion. LMTD-9 dataset which contains 4007 trailers with multi-label of 9 movie genres is used for training and evaluation of the model. Our best model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

Video Representation Fusion Network For Multi-Label Movie Genre Classification

Data clustering is a fundamental topic in machine learning and data mining areas. In recent years, researchers have proposed a series of effective methods based on Low Rank Representation (LRR) which could explore low-dimension subspace structure embedded in original data effectively. The traditional LRR methods are usually designed for vectorial data from linear spaces with Euclidean distance. However, high-dimension data (such as video clip or imageset) are always considered as non-linear manifold data such as Grassmann manifold with non-linear metric. In addition, traditional LRR clustering method always adopt single nuclear norm as low rank constraint which would lead to suboptimal solution and decrease the clustering accuracy. In this paper, we proposed a new low rank method on Grassmann manifold for video or imageset data clustering task. In the proposed method, video or imageset data are formulated as sample data on Grassmann manifold first. And then a double low rank constraint is proposed by combining the nuclear norm and bilinear representation to better construct the representation matrix. The experimental results on several public datasets show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art clustering methods.

A Spectral Clustering on Grassmann Manifold via Double Low Rank Constraint


The key to an accurate understanding of terrain is to extract the informative features from the multi-modal data obtained from different devices. Sensors, such as RGB cameras, depth sensors, vibration sensors, and microphones, are used as the multi-modal data. Many studies have explored ways to use them, especially in the robotics field. Some papers have successfully introduced single-modal or multi-modal methods. However, in practice, robots can be faced with extreme conditions; microphones do not work well in crowded scenes, and an RGB camera cannot capture terrains well in the dark. In this paper, we present a novel framework using the multi-modal variational autoencoder and the Gaussian mixture model clustering algorithm on image data and audio data for terrain type clustering. Our method enables the terrain type clustering even if one of the modalities (either image or audio) is missing at the test-time. We evaluated the clustering accuracy with a conventional multi-modal terrain type clustering method and we conducted ablation studies to show the effectiveness of our approach.

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Dual Encoder Fusion U-Net (DEFU-Net) for Cross-manufacturer Chest X-ray Segmentation

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Relative Feature Importance

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Next from ICPR 2020

Dual Encoder Fusion U-Net (DEFU-Net) for Cross-manufacturer Chest X-ray Segmentation

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Relative Feature Importance

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