China

The widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) has intensified concerns around intellectual property (IP) protection, as model theft and unauthorized redistribution become increasingly feasible. To address this, model fingerprinting aims to embed verifiable ownership traces into LLMs. However, existing methods face inherent trade-offs between stealthness, robustness, and generalizability—being either detectable via distributional shifts, vulnerable to adversarial modifications, or easily invalidated once the fingerprint is revealed. In this work, we introduce CTCC, a novel rule-driven fingerprinting framework that encodes contextual correlations across multiple dialogue turns—such as counterfactual—rather than relying on token-level or single-turn triggers. CTCC enables fingerprint verification under black-box access while mitigating false positives and fingerprint leakage, supporting continuous construction under a shared semantic rule even if partial triggers are exposed. Extensive experiments across multiple LLM architectures demonstrate that CTCC consistently achieves stronger stealth and robustness than prior work. Our findings position CTCC as a reliable and practical solution for ownership verification in real-world LLM deployment scenarios.

EMNLP 2025

CTCC: A Robust and Stealthy Fingerprinting Framework for Large Language Models via Cross-Turn Contextual Correlation Backdoor

backdoor fingerprinting

security and privacy

copyright protection

large language models

fine-tuning

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has intensified concerns over model theft and license violations, necessitating robust and stealthy ownership verification. Existing fingerprinting methods either require impractical white-box access or introduce detectable statistical anomalies. We propose EverTracer, a novel gray-box fingerprinting framework that ensures stealthy and robust model provenance tracing. EverTracer is the first to repurpose Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) for defensive use, embedding ownership signals via memorization instead of artificial trigger-output overfitting. It consists of Fingerprint Injection, which fine-tunes the model on any natural language data without detectable artifacts, and Verification, which leverages calibrated probability variation signal to distinguish fingerprinted models. This approach remains robust against adaptive adversaries, including input level modification, and model-level modifications. Extensive experiments across architectures demonstrate EverTracer’s state-of-the-art effectiveness, stealthness, and resilience, establishing it as a practical solution for securing LLM intellectual property.

EverTracer: Hunting Stolen Large Language Models via Stealthy and Robust Probabilistic Fingerprint

Recent advancements in LLM alignment leverage token-level supervisions to perform fine-grained preference optimization. However, existing token-level alignment methods either optimize on all available tokens, which can be noisy and inefficient, or perform selective training with complex and expensive key token selection strategies. In this work, we propose Selective Preference Optimization (SePO), a novel selective alignment strategy that centers on efficient key token selection without requiring strong, fine-grained supervision signals. We theoretically prove the feasibility of Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) as token-level reward function estimators, which applies to any existing alignment datasets and enables cost-efficient token selection with small-scale model sizes and training data. We then train an oracle model with DPO on the target data and utilize the estimated reward function to score all tokens within the target dataset, where only the key tokens are selected to supervise the target policy model with a contrastive objective function. Extensive experiments on three public evaluation benchmarks show that SePO significantly outperforms competitive baseline methods by only optimizing on 30% key tokens with up to 60% reduction in GPU training hours. We also explore SePO as a new paradigm for weak-to-strong generalization, showing that weak oracle models effectively supervise strong policy models with up to 16.8 more parameters. SePO also selects useful supervision signals from out-of-distribution data, alleviating the over-optimization problem.

Selective Preference Optimization via Token-Level Reward Function Estimation

Video large language models (Vid-LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in understanding video content. However, their reliance on dense video token representations introduces substantial memory and computational overhead in both prefilling and decoding. To mitigate the information loss of recent video token reduction methods and accelerate the decoding stage of Vid-LLMs losslessly, we introduce SpecVLM, a training-free speculative decoding (SD) framework tailored for Vid-LLMs that incorporates staged video token pruning. Building on our novel finding that the draft model's speculation exhibits low sensitivity to video token pruning, SpecVLM prunes up to 90\% of video tokens, enabling efficient speculation without sacrificing accuracy. To achieve this, it performs a two-stage pruning process: Stage I selects highly informative tokens guided by attention signals from the verifier (target model), while Stage II prunes remaining redundant ones in a spatially uniform manner. Extensive experiments on four video understanding benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of SpecVLM, which achieves up to 2.68times decoding speedup for LLaVA-OneVision-72B and 2.11times speedup for Qwen2.5-VL-32B. Code is available in the supplementary materials.

SpecVLM: Enhancing Speculative Decoding of Video LLMs via Verifier-Guided Token Pruning

Aligning large language models to handle instructions with extremely long contexts has yet to be fully investigated. Previous studies have attempted to scale up the available data volume by synthesizing long instruction-following samples, as constructing such a dataset tends to be challenging for annotators. However, a lack of a well-defined strategy for ensuring data quality may introduce low-quality samples and restrict the model’s performance. Thus, we propose GATEAU, a novel framework to address the unique challenge of long context alignment by identifying the influential samples enriched with long-range dependency relations. Specifically, GATEAU measures the long-range dependencies from two essential aspects: the difficulty of generating target responses due to the long-range dependencies, and the difficulty of understanding long inputs due to such dependencies. Comprehensive experiments indicate that GATEAU effectively identifies influential samples and the model trained on these selected samples exhibits better instruction-following and long-context understanding capabilities.

GATEAU: Selecting Influential Samples for Long Context Alignment

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities by integrating visual and textual information. However, the incorporation of visual modalities also introduces new and complex safety risks, rendering even the most advanced models vulnerable to sophisticated jailbreak attacks. This paper first analyzes the impact of inserting safety reasoning prompts on various aspects of the model. We find that this external method can help the model resist jailbreak attacks to some extent, but the model still fails to distinguish specific semantic scenarios, resulting in a significantly increased refusal rate for benign queries. Inspired by this, we propose a novel training framework, \textbf{SURE} (Safety Understanding and Reasoning Enhancement for Multimodal Large Language Models), designed to help models internalize chain-of-thought-based safety decision-making capabilities. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SURE significantly improves model safety while effectively avoiding over-defense, achieving a good balance between safety and generality. Finally, we create a large-scale multimodal safety reasoning dataset, MLLM-SCoT-Plus, to facilitate research on safety alignment in multimodal models. Our data and code are publicly available at \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SURE}.

SURE: Safety Understanding and Reasoning Enhancement for Multimodal Large Language Models

Experts in machine learning leverage domain knowledge to navigate decisions in model selection, hyperparameter optimisation, and resource allocation. This is particularly critical for fine-tuning language models (LMs), where repeated trials incur substantial computational overhead and environmental impact. However, no existing automated framework simultaneously tackles the entire model selection and HPO task for resource-efficient LM fine-tuning. We introduce XAutoLM, a meta-learning–augmented AutoML framework that reuses past experiences to optimize discriminative and generative LM fine-tuning pipelines efficiently. XAutoLM learns from stored successes and failures by extracting task- and system-level meta-features to bias its sampling toward fruitful configurations and away from costly dead ends. On four text classification and two question-answering benchmarks, XAutoLM surpasses zero-shot optimiser’s peak F1 on five of six tasks, cuts mean evaluation time by up to 4.5×, reduces error ratios by up to sevenfold, and uncovers up to 50% more pipelines above the zero-shot Pareto front. In contrast, simpler memory-based baselines suffer negative transfer. We release XAutoLM and our experience store to catalyze resource-efficient, Green AI fine-tuning in the NLP community.

XAutoLM: Efficient Fine-Tuning of Language Models via Meta-Learning and AutoML

With rapid advancement and increasing accessibility of LLMs, fine-tuning aligned models has become a critical step for adapting them to real-world applications, which makes the safety of this fine-tuning process more important than ever. However, recent studies have highlighted a critical challenge: even when fine-tuning with seemingly benign downstream datasets, the safety of aligned LLMs can be compromised, making them more susceptible to malicious instructions. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning datasets often contain samples with safety-degrading features that are not easily identifiable on the surface. These samples can significantly degrade the safety alignment of LLMs during fine-tuning. To address this issue, we propose LARF, a \textbf{L}ayer-\textbf{A}ware \textbf{R}epresentation \textbf{F}iltering method. This method identifies safety-sensitive layers within the LLM and leverages their representations to detect which data samples in the post-training dataset contain safety-degrading features. Experimental results demonstrate that LARF can effectively identify benign data with safety-degrading features. After removing such data, the safety alignment degradation caused by fine-tuning is mitigated.

Layer-Aware Representation Filtering: Purifying Finetuning Data to Preserve LLM Safety Alignment

Small language models (SLMs) are gaining attention for their lower computational and memory needs while maintaining strong performance. However, efficiently deploying SLMs on resource-constrained devices remains a significant challenge. Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a widely used compression technique that reduces memory usage and inference computation, yet existing methods face challenges in inefficient bit-width allocation and insufficient fine-grained quantization adjustments, leading to suboptimal performance, particularly at lower bit-widths. To address these challenges, we propose multi-level weight quantization (MLWQ), which facilitates the efficient deployment of SLMs. Our method enables more effective bit-width allocation by jointly considering inter-layer loss and intra-layer salience. Furthermore, we propose a fine-grained partitioning of intra-layer salience to support the tweaking of quantization parameters within each group. Experimental results show that MLWQ achieves superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods, providing an effective approach for the efficient deployment of SLMs while maintaining model accuracy.

MLWQ: Efficient Small Language Model Deployment via Multi-Level Weight Quantization

Recent advances show that the world knowledge in the Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) dataset, which is incompatible with LLMs' internal knowledge, can greatly hurt the IFT performance. However, the effective integration and balancing of the internal knowledge of LLMs, acquired during pre-training, with existing IFT datasets remains a largely underexplored area of research. To address this gap, this work introduces NILE, a novel framework to optimize the effectiveness of IFT by adjusting IFT datasets through carefully aligning the world and internal knowledge. NILE employs a three-stage pipeline to effectively quantify and adjust consistency with the internal knowledge of target LLMs. Our analysis provides compelling evidence that balancing such consistency with pre-trained internal knowledge is pivotal for unleashing LLM potential, and confirms that NILE can systematically contribute to these substantial performance improvements. Experimental results demonstrate that NILE-aligned IFT datasets sharply boost LLM performance across multiple LLM ability evaluation datasets, achieving up to 66.6% gain on Arena-Hard and 68.5% on Alpaca-Eval V2.

NILE: Internal Consistency Alignment in Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models. However, a comparison of various generation strategies for low-resource language settings is lacking. While various prompting strategies have been proposed—such as demonstrations, label-based summaries, and self-revision—their comparative effectiveness remains unclear, especially for low-resource languages. In this paper, we systematically evaluate the performance of these generation strategies and their combinations across 11 typologically diverse languages, including several extremely low-resource ones. Using three NLP tasks and four open-source LLMs, we assess downstream model performance on generated versus gold-standard data. Our results show that strategic combinations of generation methods — particularly target-language demonstrations with LLM-based revisions — yield strong performance, narrowing the gap with real data to as little as 5% in some settings. We also find that smart prompting techniques can reduce the advantage of larger LLMs, highlighting efficient generation strategies for synthetic data generation in low-resource scenarios with smaller models.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

EverTracer: Hunting Stolen Large Language Models via Stealthy and Robust Probabilistic Fingerprint