China

Large language models increasingly support multiple languages, yet most benchmarks for gender bias remain English-centric. We introduce EuroGEST, a dataset designed to measure gender-stereotypical reasoning in LLMs across English and 29 European languages. EuroGEST builds on an existing expert-informed benchmark covering 16 gender stereotypes, expanded in this work using translation tools, quality estimation metrics, and morphological heuristics. Human evaluations confirm that our data generation method results in high accuracy of both translations and gender labels across languages. We use EuroGEST to evaluate 24 multilingual language models from six model families, demonstrating that the strongest stereotypes in all models across all languages are that women are &#39;beautiful&#39;, &#39;empathetic&#39; and &#39;neat&#39; and men are &#39;leaders&#39;, &#39;strong&#39;, &#39;tough&#39; and &#39;professional&#39;. We also show that larger models encode gendered stereotypes more strongly and that instruction finetuning does not consistently reduce gendered stereotypes. Our work highlights the need for more multilingual studies of fairness in LLMs and offers scalable methods and resources to audit gender bias across languages.

EMNLP 2025

EuroGEST: Investigating gender stereotypes in multilingual language models

gender bias

benchmark

multilingual

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Large language models increasingly support multiple languages, yet most benchmarks for gender bias remain English-centric. We introduce EuroGEST, a dataset designed to measure gender-stereotypical reasoning in LLMs across English and 29 European languages. EuroGEST builds on an existing expert-informed benchmark covering 16 gender stereotypes, expanded in this work using translation tools, quality estimation metrics, and morphological heuristics. Human evaluations confirm that our data generation method results in high accuracy of both translations and gender labels across languages. We use EuroGEST to evaluate 24 multilingual language models from six model families, demonstrating that the strongest stereotypes in all models across all languages are that women are 'beautiful', 'empathetic' and 'neat' and men are 'leaders', 'strong', 'tough' and 'professional'. We also show that larger models encode gendered stereotypes more strongly and that instruction finetuning does not consistently reduce gendered stereotypes. Our work highlights the need for more multilingual studies of fairness in LLMs and offers scalable methods and resources to audit gender bias across languages.

poster

Embedding-based similarity metrics between text sequences can be influenced not just by the content dimensions we most care about, but can also be biased by spurious attributes like the text's source or language. These document confounders cause problems for many applications, but especially those that need to pool texts from different corpora. This paper shows that a debiasing algorithm that removes information about observed confounders from the encoder representations substantially reduces these biases at a minimal computational cost. Document similarity and clustering metrics improve across every embedding variant and task we evaluate---often dramatically. Interestingly, performance on out-of-distribution benchmarks is not impacted, indicating that the embeddings are not otherwise degraded.

The Medium Is Not the Message: Deconfounding Document Embeddings via Linear Concept Erasure

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in global healthcare, yet their outputs often reflect Western-centric training data and omit indigenous medical systems and region-specific treatments. This study investigates cultural bias in instruction-tuned medical LLMs using a curated dataset of African traditional herbal medicine. We evaluate model behavior across two complementary tasks, namely, multiple-choice questions and fill-in-the-blank completions, designed to capture both treatment preferences and responsiveness to cultural context. To quantify outcome preferences and prompt influences, we apply two complementary metrics: Cultural Bias Score (CBS) and Cultural Bias Attribution (CBA). Our results show that while prompt adaptation can reduce inherent bias and enhance cultural alignment, models vary in how responsive they are to contextual guidance. Persistent default to allopathic (Western) treatments in zero-shot scenarios suggests that many biases remain embedded in model training. These findings underscore the need for culturally informed evaluation strategies to guide the development of AI systems that equitably serve diverse global health contexts. By releasing our dataset and providing a dual-metric evaluation approach, we offer practical tools for developing more culturally aware and clinically grounded AI systems for healthcare settings in the Global South.

Africa Health Check: Probing Cultural Bias in Medical LLMs

Text anonymization is essential for responsibly developing and deploying AI in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, social services, and law. In this work, we propose a novel methodology for privacy-preserving synthetic text generation that leverages the principles of de-identification and the Hiding In Plain Sight (HIPS) theory. Our approach introduces entity-aware control codes to guide controllable generation using either in-context learning (ICL) or prefix tuning. The ICL variant ensures privacy levels consistent with the underlying de-identification system, while the prefix tuning variant incorporates a custom masking strategy and loss function to support scalable, high-quality generation. Experiments on legal and clinical datasets demonstrate that our method achieves a strong balance between privacy protection and utility, offering a practical and effective solution for synthetic text generation in sensitive domains.

Controlled Generation for Private Synthetic Text

Large language models (LLMs) hold promise for therapeutic interventions, yet most existing datasets rely solely on text, overlooking non-verbal emotional cues essential to real-world therapy. To address this, we introduce a multimodal dataset of 1,441 publicly sourced therapy session videos containing both dialogue and non-verbal signals such as facial expressions and vocal tone. Inspired by Hochschild’s concept of emotional labor, we propose a computational formulation of \textit{emotional dissonance}—the mismatch between facial and vocal emotion—and use it to guide emotionally aware prompting. Our experiments show that integrating multimodal cues, especially dissonance, improves the quality of generated interventions. We also find that LLM-based evaluators misalign with expert assessments in this domain, highlighting the need for human-centered evaluation. Data and code will be released to support future research.

Towards AI-Assisted Psychotherapy: Emotion-Guided Generative Interventions

Non-English dialogue datasets are scarce, and models are often trained or evaluated on translations of English-language dialogues, an approach which can introduce artifacts that reduce their naturalness and cultural appropriateness. This work proposes Dialogue Act Script (DAS), a structured framework for encoding, localizing, and generating multilingual dialogues from abstract intent representations. Rather than translating dialogue utterances directly, DAS enables the generation of new dialogues in the target language that are culturally and contextually appropriate. By using structured dialogue act representations, DAS supports flexible localization across languages, mitigating translationese and enabling more fluent, naturalistic conversations. Human evaluations across Italian, German, and Chinese show that DAS-generated dialogues consistently outperform those produced by both machine and human translators on measures of cultural relevance, coherence, and situational appropriateness.

Multilingual Dialogue Generation and Localization with Dialogue Act Scripting

Large language model (LLM) agents have evolved to intelligently process information, make decisions, and interact with users or tools. A key capability is the integration of long-term memory capabilities, enabling these agents to draw upon historical interactions and knowledge. However, the growing memory size and need for semantic structuring pose significant challenges. In this work, we propose an autonomous memory augmentation approach, MemInsight, to enhance semantic data representation and retrieval mechanisms. By leveraging autonomous augmentation to historical interactions, LLM agents are shown to deliver more accurate and contextualized responses. We empirically validate the efficacy of our proposed approach in three task scenarios; conversational recommendation, question answering and event summarization. On the LLM-REDIAL dataset, MemInsight boosts persuasiveness of recommendations by up to 14%. Moreover, it outperforms a RAG baseline by 34% in recall for LoCoMo retrieval. Our empirical results show the potential of MemInsight to enhance the contextual performance of LLM agents across multiple tasks.

MemInsight: Autonomous Memory Augmentation for LLM Agents

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved strong performance on vision-language tasks, particularly Visual Question Answering (VQA). While prior work has explored unimodal biases in VQA, the problem of selection bias in Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA)—where models may favor specific option tokens (e.g., "A") or positions—remains underexplored. In this paper, we investigate both the presence and nature of selection bias in LVLMs through fine-grained MCQA benchmarks spanning easy, medium, and hard difficulty levels, defined by the semantic similarity of distractors. We further propose an inference-time logit-level debiasing method that estimates an ensemble bias vector from general and contextual prompts and applies confidence-adaptive corrections to the model’s output. Our method mitigates bias without retraining and is compatible with frozen LVLMs. Extensive experiments across several state-of-the-art models reveal consistent selection biases that intensify with task difficulty, and show that our mitigation approach significantly reduces bias while improving accuracy in challenging settings. This work offers new insights into the limitations of LVLMs in MCQA and presents a practical approach to improve their robustness in fine-grained visual reasoning.

Benchmarking and Mitigating MCQA Selection Bias of Large Vision-Language Models

As MT becomes commonplace, understanding how the general public perceives and relies on imperfect MT becomes critical. This paper contributes to the EMNLP 2025 theme of interdisciplinary recontextualization by bringing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) methods to study these questions. We present a human study conducted in a public museum (n=452), investigating how fluency and adequacy errors impact bilingual and non-bilingual users' reliance on MT during casual use. Our findings reveal that non-bilingual users often over-rely on MT due to a lack of evaluation strategies and alternatives, while experiencing the impact of errors can prompt users to reassess future reliance. This highlights the need for MT evaluation and NLP explanation techniques to promote MT literacy. More broadly, this work illustrates recontextualizing NLP to address its societal implications.

Toward Machine Translation Literacy: How Lay Users Perceive and Rely on Imperfect Translations

Personalized content moderation can protect users from harm while facilitating free expression by tailoring moderation decisions to individual preferences rather than enforcing universal rules. However, content moderation that is fully personalized to individual preferences, no matter what these preferences are, may lead to even the most hazardous types of content being propagated on social media. In this paper, we explore this risk using hate speech as a case study. Certain types of hate speech are illegal in many countries. We show that, while fully personalized hate speech detection models increase overall user welfare (as measured by user-level classification performance), they also make predictions that violate such legal hate speech boundaries, especially when tailored to users who tolerate highly hateful content. To address this problem, we enforce legal boundaries in personalized hate speech detection by overriding predictions from personalized models with those from a boundary classifier. This approach significantly reduces legal violations while minimally affecting overall user welfare. Our findings highlight both the promise and the risks of personalized moderation, and offer a practical solution to balance user preferences with legal and ethical obligations.

Personalization up to a Point: Why Personalized Content Moderation Needs Boundaries, and How We Can Enforce Them

The faithful transfer of contextually-embedded meaning remains one of the most persistent challenges in contemporary machine translation (MT) and is particularly evident when dealing with culture-bound terms—expressions or concepts deeply rooted in specific languages or cultures, resisting direct linguistic transfer. Existing computational approaches to explicitating such terms have focused exclusively on in-text solutions, overlooking paratextual apparatus such as footnotes and endnotes systematically employed by professional translators. In this paper, we formalize Genette (1997)'s theory of paratexts from literary and translation studies to introduce the novel task of paratextual explicitation for MT. We construct a dataset of 560 expert-aligned paratexts from four English translations of the classical Chinese literary collection _Liaozhai_ and evaluate LLMs in implicit and explicit reasoning modes on both choice and content of explicitation. Experiments using three intrinsic prompting and one agentic retrieval method establish the inherent difficulty of this task, with human evaluation showing that LLM-generated paratexts improve audience comprehension 91.7% of the time, but with markedly less effectiveness than translator-authored ones. Our findings demonstrate the potential of paratextual explicitations for cultural mediation and advancing MT beyond surface-level equivalence, with promising extensions to monolingual explanation and personalized adaptation.

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