China

Large language models (LLMs) frequently generate confident yet inaccurate responses, introducing significant risks for deployment in safety-critical domains. We present a novel, test-time approach to detecting model hallucination through systematic analysis of information flow across model layers. We target cases when LLMs process inputs with ambiguous or insufficient context. Our investigation reveals that hallucination manifests as usable information deficiencies in inter-layer transmissions. While existing approaches primarily focus on final-layer output analysis, we demonstrate that tracking cross-layer information dynamics (mathcalLI) provides robust indicators of model reliability, accounting for both information gain and loss during computation. I improves model reliability by immediately integrating with universal LLMs without additional training or architectural modifications.

EMNLP 2025

Detecting LLM Hallucination Through Layer-wise Information Deficiency: Analysis of Ambiguous Prompts and Unanswerable Questions

question-answering

hallucination

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

poster

Human moderators in online discussions face a heterogeneous range of tasks, which go beyond content moderation, or policing. They also support and improve discussion quality, which is challenging to model (and evaluate) in NLP due to its inherent subjectivity and the scarcity of annotated resources. We address this gap by introducing PerspectiveMod, a dataset of online comments annotated for the question: *"Does this comment require moderation, and why?"* Annotations were collected from both expert moderators and trained non-experts. **PerspectiveMod** is unique in its intentional variation across (a) the level of moderation experience embedded in the source data (professional vs. non-professional moderation environments), (b) the annotator profiles (experts vs. trained crowdworkers), and (c) the richness of each moderation judgment, both in terms on fine-grained comment properties (drawn from argumentation and deliberative theory) and in the representation of the individuality of the annotator (socio-demographics and attitudes towards the task). We advance understanding of the task's complexity by providing interpretation layers that account for its subjectivity. Our statistical analysis highlights the value of collecting annotator perspectives, including their experiences, attitudes, and views on AI, as a foundation for developing more context-aware and interpretively robust moderation tools.

PerspectiveMod: A Perspectivist Resource for Deliberative Moderation

The construct of morality permeates our entire lives and influences our behavior and how we perceive others. It therefore comes at no surprise that morality also plays an important role in politics, as morally framed arguments are perceived as more appealing and persuasive. Thus, being able to identify moral framing in political communication and to detect subtle differences in politicians’ moral framing can provide the basis for many interesting analyses in the political sciences. In the paper, we release MoralFramingInPolitics (MFiP), a new corpus of German parliamentary debates where the speakers’ moral framing has been coded, using the framework of Moral Foundations Theory (MFT). Our fine-grained annotations distinguish different types of moral frames and also include narrative roles, together with the moral foundations for each frame. We then present models for frame type and moral foundation classification and explore the benefits of data augmentation and contrastive learning for the two tasks. All data and code will be made available to the research community.

Moral Framing in Politics (MFiP): A new resource and models for moral framing

Detecting hateful content is a challenging and important problem. Automated tools, like machine‑learning models, can help, but they require continuous training to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of social media. In this work, we evaluate eight open-source LLMs' capability to detect antisemitic content, specifically leveraging in-context definition as a policy guideline. We explore various prompting techniques and design a new CoT-like prompt, Guided-CoT. Guided‑CoT handles the in-context policy well, increasing performance across all evaluated models, regardless of decoding configuration, model sizes, or reasoning capability. Notably, Llama 3.1 70B outperforms fine-tuned GPT-3.5. Additionally, we introduce metrics to quantify semantic divergence in model-generated rationales, revealing notable differences and paradoxical behaviors among LLMs. Our experiments highlight the differences observed across LLMs' utility, explainability, and reliability.

Evaluating Large Language Models for Detecting Antisemitism

Speech learning involves controlling a complex motor system for uttering speech sounds from articulatory gestures and discovering a set of discrete and invariant units that provide entry to the linguistic system. Importantly, children seem to learn the relationships between speech sounds, the corresponding articulatory gestures, and these units in a weakly-supervised manner, with no explicit labeling of auditory inputs and no access to the articulatory gestures they should produce to reach an acoustic target. In this study, we propose a computational agent learning to drive a virtual vocal apparatus in order to repeat an auditory speech input. This model combines i) an articulatory synthesizer able to reproduce complex speech stimuli from a limited set of interpretable articulatory parameters, ii) two internal models respectively providing articulatory-to-acoustic forward predictions and acoustic-to-articulatory inverse computations, and iii) a (discrete) speech unit discovery module based on vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAE). From this architecture, we provide two contributions. In a first experiment, we analyze the quantized embeddings learned by the VQ-VAE from ground truth data, and we show an interesting complementarity between acoustic and articulatory modalities which is potentially useful for the discovery of invariance. Then, we evaluate the performance of the proposed agent both at the acoustic and articulatory levels. We show that while most of the agent's productions are intelligible, the underlying articulatory trajectories of those productions are not systematically plausible. Finally, we present future perspectives for testing a developmental scenario for speech learning using end-to-end neural models.

Decode, move and speak! Self-supervised learning of speech units, gestures and sounds relationships using vocal imitation

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various domains. 
However, the enormous number of model parameters makes fine-tuning challenging, significantly limiting their application and deployment. 
Existing solutions combine parameter quantization with Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), reducing memory usage but causing performance degradation. 
Additionally, converting fine-tuned models to low-precision representations further degrades performance. 
In this paper, we identify an imbalance in fine-tuning quantized LLMs with LoRA: overly complex adapter inputs and outputs versus low effective trainability of the adapter, leading to underfitting during fine-tuning.
Thus, we propose Quantized LLMs fine-tuning with Balanced Low-Rank Adaptation (Q-BLoRA), which simplifies the adapter’s inputs and outputs while increasing the adapter’s rank to alleviate underfitting during fine-tuning. 
For low-precision deployment, we propose Quantization-Aware fine-tuning with Balanced Low-Rank Adaptation (QA-BLoRA), which aligns with the block-wise quantization and facilitates quantization-aware fine-tuning of low-rank adaptation based on the parameter merging of Q-BLoRA.
Both Q-BLoRA and QA-BLoRA are easily implemented and offer the following optimizations: (i) Q-BLoRA consistently achieves state-of-the-art accuracy compared to baselines and other variants; (ii) QA-BLoRA enables the direct generation of low-precision inference models, which exhibit significant performance improvements over other low-precision models.
We validate the effectiveness of Q-BLoRA and QA-BLoRA across various models and scenarios.
Code will be made available at https://github.com/xiaocaigou/qbaraqahira.

Accurate and Efficient Fine-Tuning of Quantized Large Language Models Through Optimal Balance in Adaptation

Argument(ation) mining (AM) is the automated process of identification and extraction of argumentative structures in natural language. This field has seen rapid advancements, offering powerful tools to analyze and interpret complex and large discourse in diverse domains (political debates, medical reports, etc.). In this paper we introduce an AM-boosted version of BCause, a large-scale deliberation platform. The system enables the extraction and analysis of arguments from online discussions in the context of deliberative democracy, which aims to enhance the understanding and accessibility of structured argumentation in large-scale deliberation processes.

AM4DSP: Argumentation Mining in Structured Decentralized Discussion Platforms for Deliberative Democracy

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly adapted for diverse downstream tasks via parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques such as Low-Rank Adapters (LoRA). While adapters can be combined to handle multiple tasks separately, standard approaches struggle when targeting the simultaneous execution of complex tasks, such as generating a translated summary from a long conversation.
To address this challenge, we propose a novel approach tailored specifically for compositional multi-tasking scenarios involving summarization and translation. Our technique involves adding a learnable projection layer on top of the combined summarization and translation adapters. This design enables effective integration while maintaining efficiency through reduced computational overhead compared to alternative strategies requiring extensive retraining or sequential processing. We demonstrate the practical viability of our method within an on-device environment by developing an Android app capable of executing compositional tasks seamlessly. Experimental results indicate our solution performs well and is fast in both cloud-based and on-device implementations, highlighting the potential benefits of adopting our framework in real-world applications demanding high-speed operation alongside resource constraints.

On-device System of Compositional Multi-tasking in Large Language Models

Predicting the user’s shopping intent is a crucial 
task in e-commerce. In particular determining 
the product category, which the user wants to 
shop, is essential for delivering relevant search 
results and website navigation options. 
Existing query classification models are reported to have excellent predictive performance
on the single-intent queries (e.g. ‘running 
shoes’), but there is only little research on predicting multiple-intents for a broad query (e.g.
‘running gear’). Although the training data 
for broad query classification can be easily obtained, the evaluation of multi-label categorization remains challenging, as the set of true labels for multi-intent queries is subjective and 
ambiguous. 


In this work we propose an automatic method 
of creating the evaluation data for multi-label e-
commerce query classification. We reduce the 
ambiguity of the annotations by blending the 
label assessment from three different sources: 
user click data, query-item relevance and LLM 
judgments.

FABRIC: Fully-Automated Broad Intent Categorization in E-commerce

We present a scalable large language model (LLM)-based system that combines aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) with guided summarization to generate concise and interpretable product review summaries. Our approach first extracts and consolidates aspect–sentiment pairs from individual reviews, selects the most frequent aspects for each product, and samples representative reviews accordingly. These are used to construct structured prompts that guide the LLM to produce summaries grounded in actual customer feedback. We demonstrate the real-world effectiveness of our system through a large-scale online A/B test. Furthermore, we describe our real-time deployment strategy and release a dataset of 8 million anonymized customer reviews covering 97000 products, including extracted aspects and generated summaries, to support future research in aspect-guided review summarization.

End-to-End Aspect-Guided Review Summarization at Scale

The growing volume of daily disclosed software vulnerabilities imposes significant pressure on security analysts, extending the time needed for analysis - an essential step for accurate risk prioritization.
Meanwhile, the time between disclosure and exploitation is reducing, becoming shorter than the analysis time and increasing the window of opportunity for attackers.
This study explores leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for automating vulnerability risk score prediction using the industrial CVSS standard.
From our analysis across different data availability scenarios, LLMs can effectively complement supervised baselines in data-scarce settings. In the absence of any annotated data, such as during the transition to new versions of the standard, LLMs are the only viable approach, highlighting their value in improving vulnerability management.
We make the source code of AutoCVSS public.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

PerspectiveMod: A Perspectivist Resource for Deliberative Moderation

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