Singapore

Online test-time adaptation addresses the train-test domain gap by adapting the model on unlabeled streaming test inputs before making the final prediction. However, online adaptation for 3D human pose estimation suffers from error accumulation when relying on self-supervision with imperfect predictions, leading to degraded performance over time. To mitigate this fundamental challenge, we propose a novel solution that highlights the use of motion discretization. Specifically, we employ unsupervised clustering in the latent motion representation space to derive a set of anchor motions, whose regularity aids in supervising the human pose estimator and enables efficient self-replay. Additionally, we introduce an effective and efficient soft-reset mechanism by reverting the pose estimator to its exponential moving average during continuous adaptation. We examine long-term online adaptation by continuously adapting to out-of-domain streaming test videos of the same individual, which allows for the capture of consistent personal shape and motion traits throughout the streaming observation. By mitigating error accumulation, our solution enables robust exploitation of these personal traits for enhanced accuracy. Experiments demonstrate that our solution outperforms previous online test-time adaptation methods and validate our design choices.

AAAI 2026

Robust Long-Term Test-Time Adaptation for 3D Human Pose Estimation Through Motion Discretization

cv: biometrics

ml: unsupervised & self-supervised learning

ml: transfer

gesture & pose

face

domain adaptation

multi-task learning

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.<br><br>

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

poster

Navigating human-populated environments without causing discomfort is a critical capability for socially-aware agents. While rule-based approaches offer interpretability through predefined psychological principles, they often lack generalizability and flexibility. Conversely, data-driven methods can learn complex behaviors from large-scale datasets, but are typically inefficient, opaque, and difficult to align with human intuitions. To bridge this gap, we propose RLSLM, a hybrid Reinforcement Learning framework that integrates a rule-based Social Locomotion Model, grounded in empirical behavioral experiments, into the reward function of a reinforcement learning framework. The social locomotion model generates an orientation-sensitive social comfort field that quantifies human comfort across space, enabling socially aligned navigation policies with minimal training. RLSLM then jointly optimizes mechanical energy and social comfort, allowing agents to avoid intrusions into personal or group space. A human-agent interaction experiment using an immersive VR-based setup demonstrates that RLSLM outperforms state-of-the-art rule-based models in user experience. Ablation and sensitivity analyses further show the model’s significantly improved interpretability over conventional data-driven methods. This work presents a scalable, human-centered methodology that effectively integrates cognitive science and machine learning for real-world social navigation.

RLSLM: A Hybrid Framework Combining Reinforcement Learning and a Rule-based Social Locomotion Model for Socially-aware Navigation

Accurate prediction of patient drug response is critical for precision cancer medicine but remains constrained by limited clinical data. While in vitro cell line data offer a scalable alternative, effective cross-domain transfer remains challenging. Many existing methods tend to overlook heterogeneous domain shifts across biological contexts, underrepresent the intrinsic differences between cell lines and patient tissues, and insufficiently capture high-order gene-drug interactions. To address these challenges, we propose **MACB-DRP**, a hierarchical transfer learning framework comprising three complementary stages that progressively coordinate adaptation across tissue, drug, and sample levels while enabling representation separation. The framework begins with tissue-aware domain adaptation, leveraging cancer-type classification and unsupervised alignment to preserve biologically meaningful structure across domains. It then incorporates drug-conditioned adversarial transfer for distribution alignment, coupled with bilinear fusion to model nonlinear and high-order gene-drug interactions. Finally, contrastive anchoring with feature-matched pairs enables fine-grained sample-level alignment, while feature-mismatched negatives preserve irreducible biological disparities. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that MACB-DRP achieves comprehensive predictive performance for patient drug responses, with robust results across multiple cancer types and nine drugs, and further reveals hierarchical structure across drugs and tissues in the visualization. These findings highlight the potential of biologically guided domain adaptation for improving translational pharmacogenomics.

Multi-Level Domain Adaptation and Contrastive Domain Isolation with Bilinear Fusion for Patient Drug Response Prediction

Accurate exploration of protein conformational ensembles is essential for uncovering function but remains hard because molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations suffer from high computational costs and energy-barrier trapping.
This paper presents Energy Preference Optimization (EPO), an online refinement algorithm that turns a pretrained protein ensemble generator into an energy-aware sampler without extra MD trajectories.
Specifically, EPO leverages stochastic differential equation sampling to explore the conformational landscape and incorporates a novel energy-ranking mechanism based on list-wise preference optimization.
Crucially, EPO introduces a practical upper bound to efficiently approximate the intractable probability of long sampling trajectories in continuous-time generative models, making it easily adaptable to existing pretrained generators.
On Tetrapeptides, ATLAS, and Fast-Folding benchmarks, EPO successfully generates diverse and physically realistic ensembles, establishing a new state-of-the-art in nine evaluation metrics.
These results demonstrate that energy-only preference signals can efficiently steer generative models toward thermodynamically consistent conformational ensembles, providing an alternative to long MD simulations and widening the applicability of learned potentials in structural biology and drug discovery.

EPO: Diverse and Realistic Protein Ensemble Generation via Energy Preference Optimization

Emotional Support Conversation (ESC) aims to alleviate individuals’ negative emotions through multi-turn dialogues, where effective strategy planning and response generation are essential. However, existing methods often suffer from limitations in both reasonable planning support strategies and effectively expressing them in responses. To address these challenges, we propose a novel LLM-based Emotional Support Conversation Agent (ESCA) with a plug-in strategy planner and a strategy-aligned prompt generator. The strategy planner cooperate with four aspects of the seeker’s state including emotion intensity, trust degree, dialogue behavior, and stage of change, to enhance the rationality and effectiveness of the strategy prediction. To ensure that predicted strategies are better conveyed, the prompt generator integrates strategy-aligned instructions, knowledge, and context to generate the soft prompt for guiding the LLM to generate supportive responses. In addition to supervised fine-tuning, the prompt generator is further optimized by the reinforcement learning. Experimental results demonstrate that ESCA significantly improves both response quality and the success rate of achieving the ESC task goals.

ESCA: An Emotional Support Conversation Agent for Enhancing Reasonable Strategy Planning and Effective Expression

The Diffusion Transformer plays a pivotal role in advancing text-to-image and text-to-video generation, owing primarily to its inherent scalability. However, existing controlled diffusion transformer methods incur significant parameter and computational overheads and suffer from inefficient resource allocation due to their failure to account for the varying relevance of control information across different transformer layers. To address this, we propose the Relevance-Guided Efficient Controllable Generation framework, RelaCtrl, enabling efficient and resource-optimized integration of control signals into the Diffusion Transformer. First, we evaluate the relevance of each layer in the Diffusion Transformer to the control information by assessing the "ControlNet Relevance Score"—i.e., the impact of skipping each control layer on both the quality of generation and the control effectiveness during inference. Based on the strength of the relevance, we then tailor the positioning, parameter scale, and modeling capacity of the control layers to reduce unnecessary parameters and redundant computations. Additionally, to further improve efficiency, we replace the self-attention and FFN in the commonly used copy block with the carefully designed Two-Dimensional Shuffle Mixer (TDSM), enabling efficient implementation of both the token and channel mixer. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performance with only 15% of the parameters and computational complexity compared to PixArt-$\delta$.

RelaCtrl: Relevance-Guided Efficient Control for Diffusion Transformers

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems using Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show great promise for complex document understanding, yet their development is critically hampered by inadequate evaluation. Current benchmarks often focus on specific part of document RAG system and use synthetic data with incomplete ground truth and evidence labels, therefore failing to reflect real-world bottlenecks and challenges. To overcome these limitations, we introduce Double-Bench: a new large-scale, multilingual, and multimodal evaluation system that is able to produce fine-grained assessment to each component within document RAG systems. It comprises 3,276 documents (72,880 pages) and 5,168 single- and multi-hop queries across 6 languages and 4 document types with streamlined dynamic update support for potential data contamination issues. Queries are grounded in exhaustively scanned evidence pages and verified by human experts to ensure maximum quality and completeness. Our comprehensive experiments across 9 state-of-the-art embedding models, 4 MLLMs and 4 end-to-end document RAG frameworks demonstrate the gap between text and visual embedding models is narrowing, highlighting the need in building stronger document retrieval models. Our findings also reveal the over-confidence dilemma within current document RAG frameworks that tend to provide answer even without evidence support. We hope our fully open-source Double-Bench provide a rigorous foundation for future research in advanced document RAG systems. We plan to retrieve timely corpus and release new benchmarks on an annual basis.

Are We on the Right Way to Assess Document Retrieval-Augmented Generation?

Implicit neural representation (INR) models signals as continuous functions using neural networks, offering efficient and differentiable optimization for inverse problems across diverse disciplines. However, the representational capacity of INR—defined by the range of functions the neural network can characterize—is inherently limited by the low-dimensional feature space in conventional multilayer perceptron (MLP) architectures. While widening the MLP can linearly increase feature space dimensionality, it also leads to a quadratic growth in computational and memory costs. To address this limitation, we propose the split-layer, a novel reformulation of MLP construction. The split-layer divides each layer into multiple parallel branches and integrates their outputs via Hadamard product, effectively constructing a high-degree polynomial space. This approach significantly enhances INR’s representational capacity by expanding the feature space dimensionality without incurring prohibitive computational overhead. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the split-layer substantially improves INR performance, surpassing existing methods across multiple tasks, including 2D image fitting, 2D CT reconstruction, 3D shape representation, and 5D novel view synthesis.

Split-Layer: Enhancing Implicit Neural Representation by Maximizing the Dimensionality of Feature Space

Multimodal models integrating natural language and visual information have substantially improved emotion recognition performance. However, their effectiveness significantly declines in real-world situations where certain modalities are missing or unavailable. This degradation primarily stems from inconsistent representation learning between complete multimodal data and incomplete modality scenarios. Existing approaches typically address missing modalities through relatively simplistic generation methods, yet these approaches fail to adequately preserve cross-modal consistency, leading to suboptimal performance. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel multimodal framework named PROMISE, a prompting-Attentive Hierarchical Contrastive Learning approach designed explicitly for robust cross-modal representation under conditions of missing modalities. Specifically, Promise innovatively incorporates multimodal prompt learning into a hierarchical contrastive learning framework, equipped with a specially designed prompting-attention mechanism. This mechanism dynamically generates robust and consistent representations for scenarios where particular modalities are absent, thereby effectively bridging the representational gap between complete and incomplete data. Extensive experiments conducted on benchmark datasets, along with comprehensive ablation studies, clearly demonstrate the superior performance of PROMISE compared to current state-of-the-art multimodal methods.

PROMISE: Prompt-Attentive Hierarchical Contrastive Learning for Robust Cross-Modal Representation with Missing Modalities

Global warming has intensified the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, which degrade CCTV signal and video quality while disrupting traffic flow, thereby increasing traffic accident rates. Existing datasets, often limited to light haze, rain, and snow, fail to capture extreme weather conditions. To address this gap, this study introduces the Traffic Surveillance Benchmark for Occluded Vehicles under Various Weather Conditions (TSBOW), a comprehensive dataset designed to enhance occluded vehicle detection across diverse annual weather scenarios. Comprising over 32 hours of real-world traffic data from densely populated urban areas, TSBOW includes more than 48,000 manually annotated bounding boxes and 3.2 million semi-labeled boxes, spanning eight traffic participant classes, ranging from large vehicles to micromobility devices and pedestrians. We establish an object detection benchmark for TSBOW, highlighting challenges posed by occlusions and adverse weather. With its varied road types, scales, and viewpoints, TSBOW serves as a critical resource for advancing Intelligent Transportation Systems. Our findings underscore the potential of CCTV-based traffic monitoring, paving the way for new research and applications. The TSBOW dataset will be publicly released upon publication of this paper.

TSBOW – Traffic Surveillance Benchmark for Occluded Vehicles Under Various Weather Conditions

Language model inversion (LMI), i.e., recovering hidden prompts from outputs, emerges as a concrete threat to user privacy and system security. We recast LMI as reusing the LLM's own latent space and propose the Invariant Latent Space Hypothesis (ILSH): (1) diverse outputs from the same source prompt should preserve consistent semantics (source invariance), and (2) input$\leftrightarrow$output cyclic mappings should be self-consistent within a shared latent space (cyclic invariance).
Accordingly, we present $\text{Inv}^2\text{A}$, which treats the LLM as an invariant decoder and learns only a lightweight inverse encoder that maps outputs to a denoised pseudo-representation. When multiple outputs are available, they are sparsely concatenated at the representation layer to increase information density. Training proceeds in two stages: contrastive alignment (source invariance) and supervised reinforcement (cyclic invariance). An optional training-free neighborhood search can refine local performance. Across 9 datasets covering user and system prompt scenarios, $\text{Inv}^2\text{A}$ outperforms baselines by an average of 4.77\% BLEU score while reducing dependence on large inverse corpora. Our analysis further shows that prevalent defenses provide limited protection, underscoring the need for stronger strategies.

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RLSLM: A Hybrid Framework Combining Reinforcement Learning and a Rule-based Social Locomotion Model for Socially-aware Navigation

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Lifelong Domain Adaptive 3D Human Pose Estimation