Singapore

Real world systems evolve in continuous-time according to their underlying causal relationships, yet their dynamics are often unknown. Existing approaches to learning such dynamics typically either discretize time ---leading to poor performance on irregularly sampled data--- or ignore the underlying causality. We propose CADYT, a novel method for causal discovery on dynamical systems addressing both these challenges. In contrast to state-of-the-art causal discovery methods that model the problem using discrete-time Dynamic Bayesian networks, our formulation is grounded in Difference-based causal models, which allow milder assumptions for modeling the continuous nature of the system. CADYT leverages exact Gaussian Process inference for modeling the continuous-time dynamics which is more aligned with the underlying dynamical process. We propose a practical instantiation that identifies the causal structure via a greedy search guided by the Algorithmic Markov Condition and Minimum Description Length principle. Our experiments show that CADYT outperforms state-of-the-art methods on both regularly and irregularly-sampled data, discovering causal networks closer to the true underlying dynamics.

AAAI 2026

Causal Structure Learning for Dynamical Systems with Theoretical Score Analysis

discovery

dynamics

causality

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.<br><br>

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

technical paper

Motivated by applications in forecasting, we study chronological reasoning in LLMs. We test LLMs’ ability to understand and enforce chronological order in three types of tasks : sorting randomly shuffled historical events; conditional sorting of events defined by some conditions; and anachronism detection based on intersections of multiple timelines. Our experiments use events that we first confirm are known to the LLM; this ensures that we test chronological understanding on an LLM’s pretrained internal knowledge. Across three LLM families— GPT-4.1 (standard), GPT-5 (hybrid-reasoning), and Claude 3.7 Sonnet (large-reasoning, with and without Extended Thinking), we find that performance degrades rapidly with problem complexity but improves greatly for reasoning models with test-time extended reasoning.

Do Large Language Models (LLMs) Understand Chronology? (Student Abstract)

Linear models are widely used in high-stakes
decision-making due to their interpretability, but fairness
constraints like Demographic Parity (DP) create opaque
effects on model coefficients and predictive bias
distribution. We propose a post-processing framework that
can be applied on top of any linear model to decompose bias
into direct (sensitive-attribute) and indirect
(correlated-features) components. Our method analytically
characterizes how DP reshapes each coefficient, enabling
transparent feature-level interpretation.

Decomposing Direct and Indirect Biases in Linear Models Under Demographic Parity Constraint (Student Abstract)

Streamlining constraints (or streamliners, for short) narrow the search space, enhancing the speed and feasibility of solving complex constraint satisfaction problems. Traditionally, streamliners were crafted manually or generated through systematically combined atomic constraints with high-effort offline testing. Our approach utilizes the generative capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to propose effective streamliners for problems specified in the MiniZinc constraint programming language and integrates feedback to the LLM with quick empirical tests for validation. Evaluated across seven diverse constraint satisfaction problems, our method achieves substantial runtime reductions. We compare the results to obfuscated and disguised variants of the problem to see whether the results depend on LLM memorization. We also analyze whether longer offline runs improve the quality of streamliners and whether the LLM can propose good combinations of streamliners.

Generating Streamlining Constraints with Large Language Models

3D medical image fusion (MIF) and segmentation (MIS) are critical and inherently synergistic tasks in medical image analysis. However, fundamentally integrating them remains highly challenging, since effective collaborative paradigms are still scarce and their optimization objectives fundamentally diverge. Moreover, existing continual learning techniques are unable to achieve truly advanced performance for both tasks using a shared weight. To address these challenges, we propose M²-CoFS, a unified model capable of jointly handling both tasks. Our core contribution is a “network-guided network learning” paradigm designed to break the task boundaries. We model the weight spaces of MIF and MIS as high-dimensional manifolds and innovatively use a lightweight neural network to implicitly construct a shared manifold. Interestingly, this network yields a unified weight for both tasks. To ensure the shared manifold retains the intrinsic geometry of both original manifolds, we embed manifold distances into the loss function of this network as a constraint. Additionally, we design a tailored three-stage training paradigm for our core contribution mentioned above. Stage I focuses on independent task optimization for high-quality weights; Stage II aims to reduce parameter-space distance between tasks via our cross-task weight adaptation strategy; Our core innovation serves as stage III. Experimental results show that M²-CoFS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art comparison models on both MlF and MIS.

Breaking Task Boundaries: A Unified Model for 3D Medical Image Fusion and Segmentation Guided by Manifold Perspective

A fundamental use of knowledge bases (KBs) is query answering, i.e.,
retrieving the information entailed by the KB in response to a user
query. When both the KB and the query are specified as logical
formulae, the standard form of answer provided to users is the set
of all certain answers (CAs): tuples of constants that satisfy the
formula defining the query in every model of the logical theory
defining the KB.

Despite their wide adoption, CAs are known to be just a lossy
representation of the information that a KB and a query provide.
While several alternative answer languages have been proposed in the
literature, no general consensus has emerged on the most suitable
approach to query answering over ontological KBs, as each language
come with its own limitations.

To address some of these issues, we introduce Regularly Recurrent
Answers (RRAs), a novel answer language for queries over
ontological KBs based on regular expressions. RRAs support the
representation of infinite sets of tuples of constants via a simple
(and arguably well understood) generation mechanism. We show that
RRAs can capture a fundamental fragment of the certain information
entailed by union of conjunctive queries and DL-Lite KBs, making
them a strong candidate for informative query answering
settings. Our contribution include the formal definition of RRAs, a
proof of their informativeness, and a study of the computational
complexity of query answering problem using RRAs.

Expressive Recursive Answers for Ontological Knowledge Bases

Hard negatives are essential for training effective retrieval models. Hard-negative mining typically relies on ranking documents using cross-encoders or static embedding models based on similarity metrics such as cosine distance. Hard negative mining becomes challenging for biomedical and scientific domains due to the difficulty in distinguishing between source and hard negative documents. However, referenced documents naturally share contextual relevance with the source document but are not duplicates, making them well-suited as hard negatives. In this work, we propose BiCA: Biomedical Dense Retrieval with Citation-Aware Hard Negatives, an approach for hard-negative mining by utilizing citation links in 20,000 PubMed articles for improving a domain-specific small dense retriever. We fine-tune the GTE_small and GTE_Base models using these citation-informed negatives and observe consistent improvements in zero-shot dense retrieval using nDCG@10 for both in-domain and out-of-domain tasks on BEIR and outperform baselines on long-tailed topics in LoTTE using Success@5. Our findings highlight the potential of leveraging document link structure to generate highly informative negatives, enabling state-of-the-art performance with minimal fine-tuning and demonstrating a path towards highly data-efficient domain adaptation.

BiCA: Effective Biomedical Dense Retrieval with Citation-Aware Hard Negatives

In-context learning (ICL) has proven to be adept at adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks without parameter updates, based on a few demonstration examples.
Prior work has found that the ICL performance is susceptible to the selection of examples in prompt and made efforts to stabilize it.
However, existing example selection studies ignore the ethical risks behind the examples selected, such as gender and race bias.
In this work, we conduct extensive experiments and discover that (1) example selection with high accuracy does not mean low bias; 
(2) example selection for ICL may amplify the biases of LLMs;
(3) example selection exacerbates some spurious correlations of LLMs.
To mitigate the bias amplification caused by selected examples, we propose Remind with Bias-aware Embedding (*ReBE*), which disrupts spurious correlations through contrastive learning and learns bias-aware embedding for LLMs via prompt tuning.
Finally, we demonstrate that ReBE effectively mitigates biases of LLMs without significantly compromising accuracy and is highly compatible with existing example selection methods.

The Silent Amplifier: In-Context Examples Fuel Bias in Large Language Models

Recent vision-language-action (VLA) models built on pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in robotic manipulation. However, these models remain constrained by the single-frame image paradigm and fail to fully leverage the temporal information offered by multi-frame histories, as directly feeding multiple frames into VLM backbones incurs substantial computational overhead and inference latency. We propose CronusVLA, a unified framework that extends single-frame VLA models to the multi-frame paradigm. CronusVLA follows a two-stage process: (1) Single-frame pretraining on large-scale embodied datasets with autoregressive prediction of action tokens, establishing an effective embodied vision-language foundation; (2) Multi-frame post-training, which adapts the vision-language backbone’s prediction from discrete tokens to learnable features, and aggregates historical information via feature chunking. CronusVLA effectively addresses the existing challenges of multi-frame modeling while enhancing performance and observational robustness. To evaluate the robustness under temporal and spatial disturbances, we introduce SimplerEnv-OR, a novel benchmark featuring 24 types of observational disturbances and 120 severity levels. Experiments across three embodiments in simulated and real-world environments demonstrate that CronusVLA achieves state-of-the-art performance and superior robustness, with a 70.9\% success rate on SimplerEnv, a 17.2\% improvement over OpenVLA on LIBERO, and the highest robustness score on SimplerEnv-OR. These results highlight the potential of efficient multi-frame adaptation in VLA models for more powerful and robust real-world deployment.

Towards Efficient and Robust Manipulation via Multi-Frame Vision-Language-Action Modeling

A few pixel attack misleads a classifier by modifying a few pixels of an image. Its perturbation space is an $\ell_0$-ball, which is not convex, unlike $\ell_p$-balls for $p\geq1$. However, existing local robustness verifiers typically scale by relying on linear bound propagation, which captures convex perturbation spaces. We show that the convex hull of an $\ell_0$-ball is the intersection of its bounding box and an asymmetrically scaled $\ell_1$-like polytope. For single channel inputs, the volumes of the convex hull and this polytope are nearly equal as the input dimension increases. We then show a linear bound propagation that precisely computes bounds over the convex hull and is significantly tighter than bound propagations over the bounding box or our $\ell_1$-like polytope. This bound propagation scales the state-of-the-art $\ell_0$ verifier on robustness benchmarks by 1.24x-7.07x, with geometric mean of 3.16.

Tight Robustness Certification Through the Convex Hull of ℓ₀ Attacks

Future direct-imaging flagship missions, such as NASA's Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), face critical decisions in prioritizing observations due to extremely stringent time and resource constraints. In this paper, we introduce two advanced machine-learning architectures tailored for predicting biosignature gas fluxes from exoplanetary reflected-light spectra: a Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (BCNN) and our novel model architecture, the Spectral Query Adaptive Transformer (SQuAT). The BCNN robustly quantifies both epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties, offering reliable predictions under diverse observational conditions, whereas SQuAT employs query-driven attention mechanisms to enhance interpretability by explicitly associating spectral features with specific biosignature gases. We demonstrate that both models achieve comparably high predictive accuracy on an augmented dataset spanning a wide range of exoplanetary conditions, while highlighting their distinct advantages in uncertainty quantification and spectral interpretability. These capabilities position our methods as promising tools for accelerating target triage, optimizing observation schedules, and maximizing scientific return for upcoming flagship missions such as HWO.

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