Morocco

Language choice in multilingual societies is rarely arbitrary. In Nigerian, English, Nigerian Pidgin (NP) and indigenous languages are strategically deployed in online discourse, yet little is known about how they function in hostile contexts. Here we conduct the first systematic analysis of NP in online hate speech on two platforms, Twitter and Instagram. Using a linguistically enriched annotation scheme, we label each post for class, targeted group, language variety, and hate type. Our results show that NP is disproportionately used in offensive and hateful discourse, particularly against Hausa, women, and LGBTQ+ groups, and that insults are the dominant hate strategy. Cross-domain evaluation further reveals that classifiers trained on Twitter systematically over-predict hate on Instagram, highlighting challenges of domain transfer. These findings underscore NP’s role as a linguistic resource for hostility and its sociolinguistic salience in amplifying stereotypes and affect. For NLP, the work demonstrates the need for NP-specific resources, sensitivity to figurative strategies, and domain adaptation across platforms. By bridging sociolinguistics and computational modeling, this study contributes new evidence on how language choice shapes online hate speech in a multilingual African context.

EACL 2026

Language Choice in Nigerian Social Media Hate Speech

online hate speech detection

nigerian pidgin

language choice

#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
For the first time EACL is being hosted in the African continent. This is an important milestone for our community, and we are grateful to our Moroccan hosts for enabling this historic moment by bringing this edition of EACL to Rabat. We are also delighted that the Second Arabic NLP School is co-located with EACL. We hope attendees enjoy this wonderful opportunity to strengthen ties with the Computational Linguistics communities across the African continent. *[Read full message](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14NlmHvwM6fPJuMmOvVh7K0vtQbEyv3SZ/view?usp=sharing)*<br><br>

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

workshop paper

Low-resourced languages are increasingly included in large multilingual models. While including more languages in pretrained models is a sign of progress, large models still underperform on low-resourced languages. In prioritizing scale over effective processing, we risk 1) deploying language technologies that misrepresent these languages and 2) amplifying gender biases embedded in training corpora. In this paper, we investigate how masked language models encode gender for three low-web-data languages, Afan Oromo, Amharic, and Tigrinya, and how these representations shift after continued pretraining on NLLB data. Using a controlled cloze-style probing setup, we examine prediction patterns. Our findings show consistent gender asymmetries and predictions aligned with stereotypical adjectives and occupations. After continued pretraining, we find that male-gendered predictions reach up to 68% in Amharic, while neutral predictions exceed 60% in Afan Oromo. Our work shows that expanding training data does not guarantee balanced gender representations without careful consideration in data curation.

Probing Gender Bias in Masked Language Models for Low-Web Data Languages

We present Kunkado, a 160-hour Bambara ASR dataset compiled from Malian radio archives to capture present-day spontaneous speech across a wide range of topics. It includes code-switching, disfluencies, background noise, and overlapping speakers that practical ASR systems encounter in real-world use. We finetuned Parakeet-based models on a 33.47-hour human-reviewed subset and apply pragmatic transcript normalization to reduce variability in number formatting, tags, and code-switching annotations. Evaluated on two real-world test sets, finetuning with Kunkado reduces WER from 44.47\% to 37.12\% on one and from 36.07\% to 32.33\% on the other. In human evaluation, the resulting model also outperforms a comparable system with the same architecture trained on 98 hours of cleaner, less realistic speech. We release the data and models to support robust ASR for predominantly oral languages.

Kunnafonidilaw ka Cadeau: an ASR dataset of present-day Bambara

Most of the more than 40 languages spoken in Togo lack the data and tools necessary for modern natural language processing (NLP) applications. We present an extension of previous work by introducing new datasets, improved models, and a community-driven evaluation benchmark for text-to-speech (TTS). We expanded the Eyaa-Tom multilingual corpus with additional speech data (e.g. 26.9k recordings, 30.9 hours) across 10 local languages and incorporated Mozilla Common Voice contributions (64.6k clips, 46.6 hours) for Adja, Nawdm, Mina, Tem to strengthen automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speech synthesis. We detail how community contributors (including collaboration with a national TV journalist) helped collect and validate the Kabiyɛ and French text, with an ethical compensation model in place. We also try to compare the performance of a few models in these datasets, we fine-tuned state-of-the-art models in these data for ASR, OpenAI Whisper and faster-whisper were benchmarked achieving improved word error rates after fine-tuning; for machine translation, we fine-tuned Meta's NLLB-200 model in 11 local languages, which produced significant BLEU/METEOR gains especially in Ewɛ, and Kabɩyɛ. To evaluate TTS, we introduce Lom Bench, a new community-based benchmark where native speakers rate synthetic speech. The preliminary results from Lom Bench indicate promising naturalness in Ewɛ and Kabɩyɛ TTS, although further data is needed.

Eyaa-Tom 26, Yodi-Mantissa and Lom Bench: A Community Benchmark for TTS in Local Languages

In this work, we present AfriNLLB, a series of lightweight models for efficient translation from and into African languages. AfriNLLB supports 15 language pairs (30 translation directions), including Swahili, Hausa, Yoruba, Amharic, Somali, Zulu, Lingala, Afrikaans, Wolof, and Egyptian Arabic, as well as other African Union official languages such as Arabic (MSA), French, Portuguese, and Spanish. Our training data covers bidirectional translation between English and 13 languages, and between French and two languages (Lingala and Wolof). 

AfriNLLB models are based on NLLB-200. We compress the NLLB-200 600M with two approaches, iterative layer pruning and quantization. Our work aims at enabling efficient deployment of translation models for African languages in resource-constrained settings. 
Our evaluation results demonstrate that AfriNLLB models achieve performance comparable to the baseline while being over 20\% times faster. We release two versions of the AfriNLLB models, a Transformers version that allows further fine-tuning and a CTranslate2 version for efficient inference. Moreover, we release all the training data that we curated for fine-tuning the baseline and pruned models to facilitate further research.

AfriNLLB: Efficient Translation Models for African Languages

Large language models are extremely sensitive to prompt design, a phenomenon which is amplified in multilingual scenarios especially with low-resource languages due to low coverage in model training data, orthographic variation and tokenization issues.
In this work, we evaluate a reflective prompt evaluation technique (GEPA) as an inference time optimization strategy on multiple multilingual benchmarks spanning various African languages.
Using a more capable model as a reflection model and operating under strict optimization budgets - we show that reflective prompt optimization enables inference time improvements through textual policy evolution resulting in consistent improvements on different tasks without any weight updates. 

Our evaluation mostly focuses on closed-source models and we observe that on some of the benchmarks, prompt-optimized smaller models can outperform better and more recent models highlighting the importance of instruction design for measuring the capabilities of a language model on a given task.
Qualitative review of model outputs before and after optimization also shows that prompt evolution not only reinforces models ability to perform a particular task, it also improves output formatting which is very important for proper model evaluation.
We characterize the resulting prompt-latency tradeoff by quantifying the optimization cost in terms of prompt token growth, and our results show that modest increase in prompt size can result in substantial gains in performance. Finally, we argue that benchmark evaluations should report prompt-optimized results alongside baseline prompts in order to properly reflect model capabilities for low-resource languages.

What Do Prompts Reveal About Model Capabilities in Low-Resource Languages?

BambaraMLLM is a unified multilingual multimodal large language model (MMLLM) designed to address the critical lack of digital resources for Bambara, a West African language spoken by over 15 million people. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on task-specific models for different linguistic functions, BambaraMLLM integrates text generation, automatic speech recognition (ASR), machine translation (MT), and text-to-tpeech (TTS) synthesis into a single, transformer-based architecture. This work establishes a scalable, open-source foundation for African language technology, optimizing for both performance and deployment under resource constraints.

BambaraMLLM: A Unified Multilingual Multimodal Large Language Model for Comprehensive Bambara Language Processing

This paper presents a Multilingual Vision Large Language Model, named M-MiniGPT4. Our model exhibits strong vision-language understanding (VLU) capabilities across 40+ languages. We utilize a mixture of native multilingual and translated data to push the multilingual VLU performance of the MiniGPT4 architecture. In addition, we propose a multilingual alignment training stage that uses parallel text corpora to further enhance the multilingual capabilities of our model. M-MiniGPT4 achieves 36\% accuracy on the multilingual MMMU benchmark, which is competitive with the English MMMU scores of state-of-the-art models in the same weight class. We open-source our models, code, and translated datasets to facilitate future research in low-resource and multilingual settings.

M-MiniGPT4: Multilingual VLLM Alignment via Translated Data

This preliminary work addresses the critical gap in multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) for African languages, which remain underrepresented despite their rich multimodal communication traditions. We propose a framework that leverages simulated multimodal data and cross-lingual transfer learning to bootstrap multimodal capabilities. Our initial experiments with Swahili demonstrate that proxy multimodal embeddings can be effectively generated using pre-trained encoders, achieving an average cosine similarity of 0.72 for culturally relevant concepts. We further show that simple fusion methods can effectively combine these embeddings, and that transfer learning from high-resource languages yields a 28% improvement in multimodal alignment over zero-shot approaches. These results validate the feasibility of our approach and provide a foundation for culturally-aware multimodal LLMs in low-resource African language contexts.

Towards Multimodal Cultural Context Modeling for African Languages in Large Language Models

Low-resource languages serve as invaluable repositories of human history, preserving cultural and intellectual diversity. Despite their significance, they remain largely absent from modern natural language processing systems. While progress has been made for widely spoken African languages like Swahili, Yoruba, and Amharic, smaller indigenous languages such as Efik continue to be underrepresented in machine translation research. This study evaluates the effectiveness of AI-based models in translating between English and Efik, leveraging a small-scale, community-curated parallel corpus. We fine-tuned the mT5 multilingual model on our manually curated $N = 13{,}865$ sentence parallel corpus. The model achieved a BLEU score of $15.61$ and a chrF score of $35.04$, demonstrating reasonable translation performance for a low-resource language. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of developing practical machine translation tools for low-resource languages and highlights the importance of inclusive data practices and culturally grounded evaluation in advancing equitable NLP.

Developing an English–Efik Corpus and Machine Translation System for Digitization Inclusion

Despite serving over 100 million speakers as a vital African lingua franca, Swahili remains critically under-resourced for Natural Language Processing, hindering technological progress across East Africa. We present a scalable solution: a controllable synthetic data generation pipeline that produces culturally grounded Swahili text for sentiment analysis, validated through automated LLM judges. To ensure reliability, we conduct targeted human evaluation with a native Swahili speaker on a stratified sample, achieving 80.95% agreement between generated sentiment labels and human ground truth, with strong agreement on judge quality assessments. This demonstrates that LLM-based generation and quality assessment can transfer effectively to low-resource languages. We release a dataset and provide a reproducible pipeline in tandem providing ample knowledge and working material for NLP researchers in low-resource contexts.

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Probing Gender Bias in Masked Language Models for Low-Web Data Languages

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When Words Wear Masks: Detecting Malicious Intents and Hostile Impacts of Online Hate Speech