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Automated coaching for oral presentations sits at the intersection of computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT), prosody modeling, and speech synthesis, yet no prior work has systematically surveyed and compared existing systems along these dimensions. This survey reviews and categorizes automated presentation coaching systems, spanning pronunciation tutors, fluency and prosody coaches, multimodal trainers, and conference Q&amp;A practice tools. We introduce a five-dimensional task taxonomy - covering segmental pronunciation, lexical stress, suprasegmental prosody, pacing, and content faithfulness - and explicitly map surveyed systems onto it to reveal coverage gaps. We further review the core technical methods these systems employ: TTS-based exemplar generation and diagnostic methods for pronunciation, prosody, and fluency assessment. Key open challenges include the scarcity of annotated presentation corpora, achieving accent-fair feedback across diverse L1 backgrounds, and delivering low-latency diagnostics for real-time rehearsal.

ACL 2026

A Survey of Automated Presentation Coaching: Systems, Methods, and Open Challenges

speech evaluation taxonomy

prosody assessment

presentation coaching

computer-assisted pronunciation training

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ACL-IJCNLP 2021

The great event is jointly organized by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

Automated coaching for oral presentations sits at the intersection of computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT), prosody modeling, and speech synthesis, yet no prior work has systematically surveyed and compared existing systems along these dimensions. This survey reviews and categorizes automated presentation coaching systems, spanning pronunciation tutors, fluency and prosody coaches, multimodal trainers, and conference Q&A practice tools. We introduce a five-dimensional task taxonomy - covering segmental pronunciation, lexical stress, suprasegmental prosody, pacing, and content faithfulness - and explicitly map surveyed systems onto it to reveal coverage gaps. We further review the core technical methods these systems employ: TTS-based exemplar generation and diagnostic methods for pronunciation, prosody, and fluency assessment. Key open challenges include the scarcity of annotated presentation corpora, achieving accent-fair feedback across diverse L1 backgrounds, and delivering low-latency diagnostics for real-time rehearsal.

workshop paper

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Effective mathematics education requires identifying and responding to students' mistakes. For AI to support pedagogical applications, models must perform well across different levels of student proficiency. Our work provides an extensive, year-long snapshot of how 11 vision-language models (VLMs) perform on DrawEduMath, a QA benchmark involving real students' handwritten, hand-drawn responses to math problems. We find that models' weaknesses concentrate on a core component of math education: student error. All evaluated VLMs underperform when describing work from students who require more pedagogical help, and across all QA, they struggle the most on questions related to assessing student error. Thus, while VLMs may be optimized to be math problem solving experts, our results suggest that they require alternative development incentives to adequately support educational use cases.

The Aftermath of DrawEduMath: Vision Language Models Underperform with Struggling Students and Misdiagnose Errors

This paper presents an empirical evaluation of the so-far
under-researched German Grammar Profile, a CEFR-aligned resource of
criterial features, and its corresponding extraction system PALME. We
address this gap by designing a systematic test suite in which each
feature extractor is evaluated on controlled positive and negative
examples. The results show that PALME achieves high precision and
recall across all CEFR levels, with over 90% of features achieving
scores above 0.8. Qualitative analysis shows that lower performance
primarily results from morphological ambiguity in noun and adjective
case marking.
Turning to an evaluation of the usefulness of criterial features for
CEFR-aligned readability assessment, we assess their predictive power
using Explainable Boosting Machines on graded readers. The model
achieves strong performance (precision: 0.75, recall: 0.73). The
qualitative analysis shows that features related to split verb
constructions follow patterns consistent with developmental stages
predicted by Processability Theory. These findings underline the value
and relevance of criterial features for modeling language development
in readability assessment.

Criterial Features in German: Towards Interpretable NLP in Readability Assessment

Educational interventions are effective tools for enhancing student learning. While Large Language Models (LLMs) allow for generating adaptive feedback at scale, current studies lack clear methodologies for providing Just-in-Time (JiT) feedback in authentic instructional settings. In this paper, we present a framework that provides adaptive feedback by grounding LLMs with domain-specific expert knowledge. Our approach collects written reasoning logic (strategy essays) from students, analyzes potential error types based on the content of that reasoning, and delivers non-intrusive feedback designed to clarify missing or incorrect concepts. We deploy this framework in a large-scale college course (N > 1,000), where it improved student performance by over 80% compared to previous semesters. Lastly, we validate the framework's pedagogical utility by analyzing the learning trajectories; we demonstrate how iterative conversations with LLM facilitate shifting one's misconception to correct understanding.

Towards Just-in-Time Adaptive Feedback: Enhancing Student Learning via Knowledge-Grounded LLM

Automatic speaking assessment (ASA) manages to quantify the language competence of foreign language learners by providing a proficiency score based on their spoken response. Existing efforts in ASA typically employ a neural grader integrated with a set of handcrafted features to assess learners' oral proficiency from multiple facets. Despite decent performance, the black-box nature of these neural graders remains a significant barrier to providing interpretable explanations for the grading results. In light of this, we propose RABIT for ASA, a novel \underline{Ra}tionale-\underline{b}ased knowledge distillation framework for \underline{i}nterpre\underline{t}able grading decisions via a small language model. Specifically, RABIT first extracts multi-faceted grading rationales from a large language model (LLM) pertaining to the learner's response and the scoring guidelines. Subsequently, a compact yet efficient language model, equipped with distinct output heads, is jointly optimized to estimate a proficiency score while generating a sequence of grading rationales in an autoregressive manner. A series of experiments conducted on General English Proficiency Test (GEPT) dataset validates the feasibility and superiority of our method over several cutting-edge baselines.

RABIT: Rationale-Based Distillation Towards Interpretable Automatic Speaking Assessment via a Small Language Model

This paper describes linguistic and technological challenges encountered within an applied project aimed at expanding a large e-learning portal from its original Czech to three other languages: Ukrainian, English and German. Although there seems to be a general belief that machine translation is a solved task in 2026, we show that translating educational content, which in our case is highly terminological, multimodal, interactive and encoded in XML, brings along many challenges of different types, some easily solvable and some not. We also compare our results from the early phase of the project (Transformer-based machine translation) with those after the switch to the LLM-based translation methods. We show that both MT methods are prone to different types of errors, some of which are quite new (such as the undesired correction of counterfactual statements) and require new ways of handling them. The resulting four-language mutation of the educational web portal will be freely available to educators, students and researchers by the end of 2026.

Challenges in Machine Translation of Interactive Multimodal Exercises

Generative AI is increasingly used to accelerate assessment content development, yet its effectiveness for generating content used in complex assessment tasks for knowledge-rich domains such as medical education is unclear. This study evaluates automated LLM-supported workflows for generating patient-centered communication assessment items that allow students to practice their communication skills. We compared two content generation approaches—constrained linear and exploratory branching—each implemented with and without anchoring in vetted multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Ten subject-matter experts (SMEs) evaluated 80 communication items across six quality dimensions using structured rubrics. The constrained linear approach yielded better ratings than exploratory branching approaches, particularly for medical accuracy and alignment with learning objectives and patient-centered behaviors. MCQ anchoring did not improve medical accuracy. Only a minority of items met all criteria without requiring revision, and no items were unanimously approved by all SMEs. These findings underscore the importance of workflow design in LLM-supported assessment content generation, the continued need for human oversight, and the current limitations of automated content generation in medical education.

Evaluating LLM Workflows for Generating Clinical Communication Assessment Items: A Comparative Study with Subject-Matter Experts

Automated essay scoring (AES) research often relies on rank-based correlation metrics to validate analytic assessment. However, such metrics obscure both intrinsic intercorrelations among analytic dimensions that arise from the structure of writing proficiency itself and halo effects, whereby holistic impressions bleed into fine-grained component scores. As a result, high correlations may mask a system's true diagnostic behaviour. In this study, we propose a novel self-referential assessment evaluation framework that focuses on identifying intra-learner strengths and weaknesses rather than assessing inter-learner rankings. We conduct experiments on the publicly available ICNALE GRA, a uniquely dense second-language writing dataset annotated holistically and analytically by up to 80 trained raters. To obtain reliable reference scores, we apply two-facet Rasch modelling to calibrate rater severity and derive fair average scores across ten analytic aspects and holistic proficiency. We compare the analytic scoring performance of human operational raters and three large language models (LLMs) in a zero-shot setting. Our results show that LLMs tend to outperform single human raters in identifying relative weaknesses (negative feedback) across several proficiency aspects, while human raters remain stronger at identifying relative strengths (positive feedback). Overall, our findings highlight the limitations of rank-based evaluation for analytic assessment and demonstrate the value of intra-learner, profile-based methods for assessing and deploying LLMs in AES.

Towards Self-Referential Analytic Assessment: A Profile-Based Approach to L2 Writing Evaluation with LLMs

Lecture-style instruction is one of the most prevalent forms of learning in postsecondary education in the United States. Despite the factors that make lectures a convenient format, they tend to present few opportunities for meaningful engagement between students and the course materials being presented due to factors such as the overhead associated with interacting with large numbers of students. By utilizing large language models, we have created a pipeline built upon the ANONYMIZED classroom response system for processing student self-explanations produced during lectures using automatically generated knowledge components. While previous work using proprietary large language models has examined the basic functionality of this pipeline, this work more closely examines the consistency and quality of this pipeline using both a large closed-weight model and a smaller open-weight model, with or without RAG. We find that while there are small statistically significant differences in performance between the RAG conditions of each LLM, they are effectively comparable at this task. Additionally, the LLM-generated knowledge components are of higher quality when relevant course material is provided for RAG, although consistency is not improved. This indicates that both large closed-weight and smaller open-weight models show promise in this task, but fine-tuning may be necessary to improve performance further.

Assessing the Quality and Consistency of Automated Knowledge Component Generation using Instructor-generated Questions and LLMs

Pronunciation feedback in language learning depends on accurate detection of learner errors, but it is unclear whether modern ASR systems are suitable for this purpose. Their language models recover intended words rather than what was actually pronounced, systematically masking mispronunciations. This is a tendency we call \emph{intent bias}. By evaluating eight ASR systems spanning three architectures on two L2 English corpora, we find that overcorrection rate correlates inversely with word error rate. In other words, ASR systems with lower WER tend to mask more pronunciation errors. We propose surface-faithful reranking, an inference-time method that uses phoneme-level acoustic similarity to select N-best hypotheses closer to what the learner actually said. Without retraining or access to model internals, the method reduces the false acceptance rate of mispronunciations by 6.0 percentage points on L2-ARCTIC and 4.8 on Speechocean762. The improvement is consistent across age groups and first-language backgrounds, though substantial overcorrection remains, pointing to the need for pronunciation-aware ASR objectives.

Intent vs. Surface: Recovering Acoustic Realization from Modern ASR for Pronunciation Training

Research in AI applied to education increasingly relies on large-scale, high-quality datasets to support the development and evaluation of learning analytics and intelligent educational systems. Open educational resources provide a promising foundation, yet few datasets integrate structured instructional content with assessment materials in a multimodal form. In this study, we introduce a large-scale multimodal educational dataset (EduMUSE - \underline{Educ}ational \underline{M}ultimodal \underline{U}nderstanding \& \underline{S}olution Datas\underline{e}t) constructed from OpenStax undergraduate textbooks across multiple domains. The dataset integrates hierarchically structured instructional text, figures, exercises, and, when available, official solutions. For exercises with solutions, we introduce an automatic method that associates each exercise with a focused instructional subsection rather than entire textbook chapters, estimating subsection relevance via solution likelihood under candidate contexts using a vision–language model. We analyze the impact of contextualization on the behavior of vision–language models across different contexts. Results indicate that subsection-level instructional context has a measurable impact on model performance, with variation across model scales and task formulations. The dataset and code are released as open source at \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/EduMUSE-1EF8/} to support reproducible research in multimodal educational modeling and to facilitate generating similar datasets using our approach.

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The Aftermath of DrawEduMath: Vision Language Models Underperform with Struggling Students and Misdiagnose Errors

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