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Super-absorbent fabric can provide a durable and comfortable protective microenvironment for the protective clothing users. In this work, we prepared the recirculated super-absorbent and strong water-retaining fabrics by depositing starch-based double network (St-PAA/SA) aerogel on fiber surface via graft-cross-linking copolymerization and freeze-drying strategy, with two biological macromolecules of starch and sodium alginate as raw materials, ammonium persulphate (APS) as the initiator, and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent. FTIR and XPS provided an evidence for graft copolymerization and cross-linking interaction among St-PAA/SA aerogel. SEM showed that St-PAA/SA aerogel presented typical double network macroporous characteristic, and the pore size distribution was 23~52 μm, which provided space for the absorption and storage of water molecule. Moreover, the strong interactions were excited between St-PAA/SA aerogel and fabric. When the mass ratio of starch to sodium alginate was 7/3, and the molar ratio of APS/MBA/AA was 0.8/0.3/1, the water absorption volume reached 420 g/g, which exceeded that of the super-absorbent fiber (120 g/g). Also, the super-absorbent fabric exhibited strong water storage capacity and excellent characteristics of recirculated water-absorbent and storage. The water absorption and softness of the fabric can be adjusted by controlling the aerogel deposition amount. This work provides a new way for the development of comfortable medical protective fabrics.

MATERIALS FOR HUMANITY (MH 21)

Recirculated Super-Absorbent and Strong Water-Retaining Fabric by Depositing Starch-based Double-Network Aerogels on Fiber Surface

Welcome to Delaware State University’s Annual Summer Research Symposium, and thank you for attending! Our symposium represents the culmination of students’ summer experiences in research at Delaware State University. This event showcases the work of college students working on faculty-led research projects, as well as middle and high school students experiencing research for the first time working in research groups. Whatever the case, this summer has been a unique experience for the students, and we hope a transformative one. Even for students who are not planning a career in scientific research, their summer experience has given them skills they will draw on for years to come. 
 Please join us on the mainstage and in Gather for the live event, and visit the recorded poster presentations any time.
 The student participants and organizers of the various summer programs at DSU would like to thank all of the research mentors who guided our summer program participants. There were many DSU faculty, graduate students, and other research and program staff who gave their time and energy to help our students have a fun and educational summer experience. Without their generosity and patience these summer programs would not be possible.
 For the research participants, we hope that you will maintain contact with your research mentors and colleagues. Science is a relatively small community made up of disciplinary “neighborhoods”. If you continue to work in a discipline, the other folks in that discipline will be like your neighbors that you run into regularly. Staying in contact with them will help you keep up with the news of the neighborhood, and open doors to educational and career opportunities. Whether you continue in science or take a different career path, for this summer you have been part of the world of research, and you will benefit from that perspective for the rest of your life.

Please register for the DSU Summer Research Symposium 2021 to be able to access the content.  
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DSU Summer Research Symposium 2021

Welcome to Delaware State University’s Annual Summer Research Symposium, and thank you for attending!

poster

**Please view our Welcome to MH21 video.**

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MH 21 is arranged around 6 themes that focus attention on pressing needs that should be addressed to enhance the well-being of communities and provide a forum for presenting breakthrough discoveries.

Marine degradation polymers seems like a promising substitute to existing plastics issues. Beside the cost issue, the lower thermal stability also cause processing challenges. The CML aims to connect the different stakeholders and find the next generation of plastics materials.

Development of Marine Biodegradation Testing Capability and Materials

Pressure-driven membrane processes are widely-applied techniques in the field of water and wastewater treatment. Currently, polymeric membranes are of dominance in this market for their low fabrication cost, high scalability and high separation factor. On the other hand, ceramic membranes have been receiving global attention in this field as well, attributed to their apparent advantages including easy surface functionalization, high intrinsic permeability, high thermal and chemical stability and excellent mechanical strength, although the main hindrance for wide acceptance of ceramic membranes is their higher fabrication cost compared to that of polymeric membrane. However, the ceramic membrane offers novel applications, for instance, to impart a reactive functionality via introducing nanocatalysts onto/into the ceramic membrane, such that the membrane can work as a hybrid filtration and catalytic reactor. The present work interpreted the advantages of ceramic membranes over their counterparts of polymeric membranes, showed specific work to demonstrate excellent performance of ceramic membrane and gave the perspectives on ceramic membranes, which as key players to replace polymeric membranes in the water-treatment field.

Potential replacement of polymeric membranes with ceramic membranes for water and wastewater treatment

Electrospinning of Whey Protein Isolate Nanofibers as Plastics Substitution

The objective is to reduce the usage of plastic single-use masks through1) wearing and optimizing normalcotton masks, 2) replacing plastic with degradable and (or) natural materials, 3) developing sterilizablematerials and self-sterilization methods.

Reduce the usage of plastic masks

Green and eco-friendly geopolymers with high thermal/acid resistance represent potential replacement material for epoxies. However, the intrinsic brittleness hinders widespread applications of this material. We fabricated a new type of geopolymer composites by impregnated with interface engineered 3D skeleton resembling the lotus root structure. Highly porous melamine foam was selected as the 3D skeleton and its interior surface was coated with elastomeric PDMS-polyurea block copolymer. Under loading, the interfacial elastomer could deform and absorb large amount of energy concurrently with crack deflection of melamine foam and delamination of interfaces, thus the toughness was substantially improved as results indicated a transition of fracture behavior from brittle failure mode to a more ductile one. With as low as 2.5 wt. % elastomer, the fracture toughness and work of fracture were increased by 258% and 654%, respectively.

Biomimetic Geopolymer Composites as A Promising Thermoset Material

We reported the convenient synthesis of carbon dots by one-step hydrothermal method using plastic waste as the precursor. The prepared carbon dots exhibit good water dispersibility, excellent pH stabilities and resistance to photobleaching. Transmission Electron Microscope image indicates that the size of the synthesized carbon dot is 3 nm-10 nm. The effect of produced carbon dots on plant growth was investigated with mung bean as plant model. Plant growth results indicated that carbon dots produced from plastic waste is effective in promoting plant growth in terms of shoot length, wet mass and dry mass, which implied the potential of plastic waste in sustainable agriculture.

Carbon Dots from plastic waste and their potential application in sustainable agriculture

The use of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites as high performance replacement for traditional metal alloy-based structures have been ongoing over the past decade. Although some of these CFRP products are reaching their end-of-life, there is still a lack of CFRP waste management and recycling strategies. The main issues plaguing the commercialisation of large scale CFRP recycling includes capital intensive equipment, energy intensive processes and downgraded recyclate with reduced commercial value. We present our technical approach which addresses the abovementioned difficulties.

Maximising value from carbon fibre composite waste

Electrocatalytic dinitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR) is an emerging route for ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions. Albeit the ‘‘π back-donation’’ process enables N2RR activity on transition metals with empty dorbitals, given its dilemma in overcoming hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) competition, exploring p-block-element-based catalysts with relatively inferior HER activity is achievable for high selectivity. The challenge lies in designing rational structure to improve N2RR activity. Here, we synergistically integrate oxygen vacancy (VO) with hydroxyl on Bi4O5 I2 (VOBi4O5 I2 -OH), which render this p-block-element-based material active to mimic ‘‘π back-donation’’ behavior because of sufficient vacant orbitals. In neutral media, the electrocatalytic N2RR performance of VO-Bi4O5 I2 -OH in terms of splendid faradic efficiency (32.4%) is superior to most of the prior reports using p-block-element-based catalysts.

Electrocatalytic Ammonia Production through Mimicking ‘‘π Back-Donation’’

Aqueous Al-ion batteries (AAIBs) are the subject of great interest due to the inherent safety and high theoretical capacity of aluminum. Here, we proposed a new AAIB system consisting of an AlxMnO2 cathode, a zinc substrate-supported Zn−Al alloy anode, and an Al(OTF)3 aqueous electrolyte. Through the in situ electrochemical activation of MnO, the cathode was synthesized to incorporate a two-electron reaction, thus enabling its high theoretical capacity. The anode was realized by a simple deposition process of Al3+ onto Zn foil substrate. The featured alloy interface layer can effectively alleviate the passivation and suppress the dendrite growth, ensuring ultralong-term stable aluminum stripping/ plating. The architected cell delivers a record-high discharge voltage plateau near 1.6 V and specific capacity of 460 mAh g −1 for over 80 cycles. This work provides new opportunities for the development of highperformance and low-cost AAIBs for practical applications.

Architecting a Stable High-Energy Aqueous Al-Ion Battery

As one of the most promising sustainable energy techniques, Li-O2 batteries have attracted tremendous interest. However, the sluggish cathode reactions and the unwanted side reactions by the reactive superoxide intermediates deleteriously compromise the attainable capacity and the reversibility. Herein, we introduce duroquinone (DQ) as a bifunctional soluble catalyst that facilitates electron transfer and stabilizes the aggressive superoxide intermediates. With the assistance of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), the prolonged lifetime by the quinone can be observed which proves the stabilization of the superoxide species. By enhancing the solvation of the superoxide species, the oxygen reduction turns from the surface to the solution mechanism in low donor number (DN) electrolyte. Consequently, the Li-O2 battery presents a significantly enlarged discharge capacity and the solution growth of micrometer-sized Li2O2 particles.

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