Spain

Pro-drop languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Italian or Japanese allow morphologically null but referential arguments in certain syntactic positions, called anaphoric zero-pronouns. Much NLP work on anaphoric zero-pronouns (AZP) is based on gold mentions, but models for their identification are a fundamental prerequisite for their resolution in real-life applications. Such identification requires complex language understanding and knowledge of real-world entities. Transfer learning models, such as BERT, have recently shown to learn surface, syntactic, and semantic information,which can be very useful in recognizing AZPs. We propose a BERT-based multilingual model for AZP identification from predicted zero pronoun positions, and evaluate it on the Arabic and Chinese portions of OntoNotes 5.0. As far as we know, this is the first neural network model of AZP identification for Arabic; and our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art for Chinese. Experiment results suggest that BERT implicitly encode information about AZPs through their surrounding context.

COLING 2020

Anaphoric Zero Pronoun Identification: A Multilingual Approach

stages 

COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for natural language processing and computational linguistics. Often grouped within the field of artificial intelligence, but actually pre-dating the development of artificial intelligence, advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing are now some of the major drivers behind the use of artificial intelligence for commercial and social applications – for example, on-line search, machine translation and with voice-assisted conversational devices.

First established in 1965, the biennial COLING conference is held in diverse parts of the globe and attracts participants from both top-ranked research centers and emerging countries. Today, the most important developments in our field are taking place not only in universities and academic research institutes, but also in industrial research departments and in technological startups. COLING conferences provide opportunities for all these communities to showcase their exciting developments.

COLING, the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, is one of the premier conferences for natural language processing and computational linguistics. Often grouped within the field of artificial intelligence, but actually pre-dating the development of artificial intelligence, advances in computational linguistics and natural language processing are now some of the major drivers behind the use of artificial intelligence for commercial and social applications – for example, on-line search, machine translation and with voice-assisted conversational devices.

technical paper

This work addresses coreference resolution in Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graphs, a popular formalism for semantic parsing. We evaluate several current coreference resolution techniques on a recently published AMR coreference corpus, establishing baselines for future work. We also demonstrate that coreference resolution can improve the accuracy of a state-of-the-art semantic parser on this corpus.

Predicting Coreference in Abstract Meaning Representations

This article introduces TwiConv, an English coreference-annotated corpus of microblog conversations from Twitter. We describe the corpus compilation process and the annotation scheme, and release the corpus publicly, along with this paper. We manually annotated nominal coreference in 1756 tweets arranged in 185 conversation threads. The annotation achieves satisfactory annotation agreement results. We also present a new method for mapping the tweet contents with distributed stand-off annotations, which can easily be adapted to different annotation tasks.

TwiConv: A Coreference-annotated Corpus of Twitter Conversations

Lexical semantics and world knowledge are crucial for interpreting
bridging anaphora. Yet, existing computational methods for acquiring
and injecting this type of information into bridging resolution
systems suffer important limitations. Based on explicit querying
of external knowledge bases, earlier approaches are computationally
expensive (hence, hardly scalable) and they map the data to be processed
into high-dimensional spaces (careful handling of the curse of 
dimensionality and overfitting has to be in order). In this work, 
we take a different and principled approach which naturally addresses
these issues. Specifically, we convert the external knowledge source (in
this case, WordNet) into a graph, and learn embeddings of the graph
nodes of low dimension to capture the crucial features of the graph topology and, at the same time, rich semantic information. Once properly identified from the mention text spans, these low dimensional graph node embeddings are combined with distributional text-based embeddings to provide 
enhanced mention representations. We illustrate the effectiveness of
our approach by evaluating it on commonly used datasets, namely ISNotes
and BASHI. Our enhanced mention representations yield
significant accuracy improvements on both datasets when compared to
different standalone text-based mention representations.

Integrating knowledge graph embeddings to improve mention representation for bridging anaphora resolution

Shell nouns (SNs) are abstract nouns like fact, issue, and decision, which are capable of referring to non-nominal antecedents, much like anaphoric pronouns. The talk takes a look at a special use case of certain nouns like "issue" and "decision" that seem to be prone to refer to globally available discourse topics instead of local antecedents, which has important implications for the treatment of SNs as a whole in theoretical and automatic approaches.

Reference to Discourse Topics: Introducing “Global” Shell Nouns

Learning to detect entity mentions without us- ing syntactic information can be useful for integration and joint optimization with other tasks. However, it is common to have par- tially annotated data for this problem. Here, we investigate two approaches to deal with partial annotation of mentions: weighted loss and soft-target classification. We also propose two neural mention detection approaches: a sequence tagging, and an exhaustive search. We evaluate our methods with coreference res- olution as a downstream task, using multitask learning. The results show that the recall and F1 score improve for all methods.

Partially-supervised Mention Detection

No neural coreference resolver for Arabic exists, in fact we are not aware of any learning-based coreference resolver for Arabic since (Björkelund and Kuhn, 2014). In this paper, we introduce a coreference resolution system for Arabic based on Lee et al’s end-to-end architecture combined with the Arabic version of bert and an external mention detector. As far as we know, this is the first neural coreference resolution system aimed specifically to Arabic, and it substantially outperforms the existing state-of-the-art on OntoNotes 5.0 with a gain of 15.2 points conll F1.
We also discuss the current limitations of the task for Arabic and possible approaches that can tackle these challenges.

Neural Coreference Resolution for Arabic

In this paper we describe our attempt to increase the amount of information that can be retrievedthrough active learning sessions compared to previous approaches. We optimise the annotator’slabelling process using active learning in the context of coreference resolution. Using simulatedactive learning experiments, we suggest three adjustments to ensure the labelling time is spentas efficiently as possible. All three adjustments provide more information to the machine learnerthan the baseline, though a large impact on the F1 score over time is not observed. Compared toprevious models, we report a marginal F1 improvement on the final coreference models trainedusing for two out of the three approaches tested when applied to the English OntoNotes 2012Coreference Resolution data. Our best-performing model achieves 58.01 F1, an increase of 0.93F1 over the baseline model.

Enhanced Labelling in Active Learning for Coreference Resolution

Many people live-tweet televised events like Presidential debates and popular TV-shows and discuss people or characters in the event. Naturally, many tweets make pronominal reference to these people/characters. We propose an algorithm for resolving personal pronouns that make reference to people involved in an event, in tweet streams collected during the event.

Resolving Pronouns in Twitter Streams: Context can Help!

We present a study focusing on variation of coreferential devices in English original TED talks and news texts and their German translations. Using exploratory techniques we contemplate a diverse set of coreference devices as features which we assume indicate language-specific and register-based variation as well as potential translation strategies. Our findings reflect differences on both dimensions with stronger variation along the lines of register than between languages. By exposing interactions between text type and cross-linguistic variation, they can also inform multilingual NLP applications, especially machine translation.

Coreference Strategies in English-German Translation

We introduce the IMS contribution to the Surface Realization Shared Task 2020. Our current system achieves substantial improvement over the state-of-the-art system from last year, mainly due to a better token representation and a better linearizer, as well as a simple ensembling approach. We also experiment with data augmentation, which brings some additional performance gain. The system is available at \url{https://github.com/EggplantElf/IMSurReal}.

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