Canada

This paper proposes a new document classification method that incorporates the representations of a literature graph created from bibliographic and entity information.
Recently, document classification performance has been significantly improved with large pre-trained language models; however, there still remain documents that are difficult to classify. External information, such as bibliographic information, citation links, descriptions of entities, and medical taxonomies, has been considered one of the keys to dealing with such documents in document classification. 
Although several document classification methods using external information have been proposed, they only consider limited relationships, e.g., word co-occurrence and citation relationships. However, there are multiple types of external information.
To overcome the limitation of the conventional use of external information, we propose a document classification model that simultaneously considers bibliographic and entity information to deeply model the relationships among documents using the representations of the literature graph.
The experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms existing methods on two document classification datasets in the biomedical domain with the help of the literature graph. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/tticoin/BDCL-LitGraph.

ACL 2023

Biomedical Document Classification with Literature Graph Representations of Bibliographies and Entities

literature graph

document classification

representation learning

**Welcome to EMNLP 2023!**

On behalf of the EMNLP 2023 Organizing Committee, I extend a warm and heartfelt welcome to all of you to the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). It is with immense pleasure and excitement that we gather here in Singapore, a vibrant hub of innovation and technological advancement.

The conference program is packed with insightful presentations, thought-provoking workshops, and engaging networking opportunities. In addition to the technical sessions, we have also planned several social events that will provide you with the opportunity to connect with your colleagues.

The conference is held in person at the Resorts World Convention Centre in Singapore, and available on-line with the help of Underline.

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Of course, we are grateful to our sponsors and partners for their generous support of EMNLP 2023, whose contributions make it possible for us to host this world-class event.

Yuji Matsumoto (RIKEN AIP) 
EMNLP 2023 General Chair

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EMNLP 2023

EMNLP 2023 took place in Singapore from Dec 6th to Dec 10th, 2023.

workshop paper

### Welcome to ACL 2023, the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics! 
 The conference will be held in Toronto, Canada, July 9-14, 2023. 
Following the succession of the recent conferences in our field, ACL 2023 will adopt a hybrid format.
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This General Chair’s message is where I express my gratitude to the many individuals who have made
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##### **[Conference Handbook](https://2023.aclweb.org/downloads/acl2023-handbook.pdf)**

The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) is the premier international scientific and professional society for people working on computational problems involving human language, a field often referred to as either computational linguistics or natural language processing.

Radiology report summarization is a growing area of research. Given the Findings and/or Background sections of a radiology report, the goal is to generate a summary (called an Im- pression section) that highlights the key ob- servations and conclusions of the radiology study. Recent efforts have released systems that achieve promising performance as mea- sured by widely used summarization metrics such as BLEU and ROUGE. However, the research area of radiology report summariza- tion currently faces two important limitations. First, most of the results are reported on private datasets. This limitation prevents the ability to reproduce results and fairly compare different systems and solutions. Secondly, to the best of our knowledge, most research is carried out on chest X-rays. To palliate these two limitations, we propose a radiology report summarization (RadSum) challenge on i) a new dataset of eleven different modalities and anatomies pairs based on the MIMIC-III database ii) a multimodal report summarization dataset based on MIMIC-CXR enhanced with a brand-new test-set from Stanford Hospital. In total, we received 112 submissions across 11 teams.

Overview of the RadSum23 Shared Task on Multi-modal and Multi-anatomical Radiology Report Summarization

We describe the participation of team e-Health CSIRO in the BioNLP RadSum task of 2023. This task aims to develop automatic summarisa- tion methods for radiology. The subtask that we participated in was multimodal; the impression section of a report was to be summarised from a given findings section and set of Chest X-rays (CXRs) of a subject’s study. For our method, we adapted an encoder-to-decoder model for CXR report generation to the subtask. e-Health CSIRO placed seventh amongst the participat- ing teams with a RadGraph ER F1 score of 23.9.

Sentiment-guided Transformer with Severity-aware Contrastive Learning for Depression Detection on Social Media

Social media (SM) can provide valuable information about patients' experiences with multiple drugs during treatments. Although information extraction from SM has been well-studied, drug switches detection and reasons behind these switches from SM have not been studied yet. Therefore, in this paper, we present a new SM listening approach for analyzing online patient conversations that contain information about drug switching, drug effectiveness, side effects, and adverse drug reactions. We describe a deep learning-based approach for identifying instances of drug switching in SM posts, as well as a method for extracting the reasons behind these switches. To train and test our models, we used annotated SM data from internal dataset which is automatically created using a rule-based method. We evaluated our models using Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) and found that our SM listening approach can extract medication change information and reasons with high accuracy, achieving an F1-score of 98% and a ROUGE-1 score of 93%, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that our SM listening approach has the potential to provide valuable insights into patients' experiences with drug treatments, which can be used to improve patient outcomes and the effectiveness of drug treatments.

Exploring Drug Switching in Patients: A Deep Learning-based Approach to Extract Drug Changes and Reasons from Social Media


The use of seed articles in information retrieval provides many advantages, such as a longer context and more details about the topic being searched for. Given a seed article (i.e., a PMID), PubMed provides a pre-compiled list of similar articles to support the user in finding equivalent papers in the biomedical literature. We aimed at performing a quantitative evaluation of the PubMed Similar Articles based on three existing biomedical text similarity datasets, namely, RELISH, TREC-COVID, and SMAFIRA-c. Further, we carried out a survey and an evaluation of various text similarity methods on these three datasets. Our experiments considered the original title and abstract from PubMed as well as automatically detected sections and manually annotated relevant sentences. We provide an overview about which methods better perform for each dataset and compare them to the ranking in PubMed similar articles. While results varied considerably among the datasets, we were able to obtain a better performance than PubMed for all of them. Datasets and source codes are available at: https://github.com/mariananeves/reranking

Is the ranking of PubMed similar articles good enough? An evaluation of text similarity methods for three datasets

We propose a novel distantly supervised document-level biomedical relation extraction model that uses partial knowledge graphs that include the graph neighborhood of the entities appearing in each input document. 
Most conventional distantly supervised relation extraction methods use only the entity relations automatically annotated by using knowledge base entries. They do not fully utilize the rich information in the knowledge base, such as entities other than the target entities and the network of heterogeneous entities defined in the knowledge base.
To address this issue, our model integrates the representations of the entities acquired from the neighborhood knowledge graphs with the representations of the input document. 
We conducted experiments on the ChemDisGene dataset using Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) for document-level relation extraction with respect to interactions between drugs, diseases, and genes. 
Experimental results confirmed the performance improvement by integrating entities and their neighborhood biochemical information from the knowledge base.

Distantly Supervised Document-Level Biomedical Relation Extraction with Neighborhood Knowledge Graphs

We propose a distantly supervised pipeline NER which executes entity span detection and entity classification in sequence named DISTANT (DIstantly Supervised entiTity spAN deTection and classification).
The former entity span detector extracts possible entity mention spans by the distant supervision. Then the later entity classifier assigns each entity span to one of the positive entity types or none by employing a positive and unlabeled (PU) learning framework. Two models were built based on the pre-trained SciBERT model and fine-tuned with the silver corpus generated by the distant supervision.
Experimental results on BC5CDR and NCBI-Disease datasets show that our method outperforms the end-to-end NER baselines without PU learning by a large margin. In particular, it increases the recall score effectively.

DISTANT: Distantly Supervised Entity Span Detection and Classification

Early identification of Adverse Drug Events (ADE) is critical for taking prompt actions while introducing new drugs into the market. These ADEs information are available through various unstructured data sources like clinical study reports, patient health records, social media posts, etc. Extracting ADEs and the related suspect drugs using machine learning is a challenging task due to the complex linguistic relations between drug – ADE pairs in textual data and unavailability of large corpus of labelled datasets. This paper introduces ADEQA, a question- answer(QA) based approach using quasi supervised labelled data and sequence-to-sequence transformers to extract ADEs, drug suspects and the relationships between them. Unlike traditional QA models, natural language generation (NLG) based models don't require extensive token level labelling and thereby reduces the adoption barrier significantly. On a public ADE corpus, we were able to achieve state-of-the-art results with an F1 score of 94% on establishing the relationships between ADEs and the respective suspects.

ADEQA: A Question Answer based approach for joint ADE-Suspect Extraction using Sequence-To-Sequence Transformers

Accurate human-annotated data for real-world use cases can be scarce and expensive to obtain. In the clinical domain, obtaining such data is even
more difficult due to privacy concerns which not only restrict open access to quality data but also require that the annotation be done by domain experts. In this paper, we propose a novel framework - InterDAPT - that leverages Intermediate Domain Finetuning to allow language models to adapt to narrow domains with small, noisy datasets. By making use of peripherally-related, unlabeled datasets, this framework circumvents domain-specific data scarcity issues. Our results show that this weakly
supervised framework provides performance improvements in downstream clinical named entity recognition tasks.

Intermediate Domain Finetuning for Weakly Supervised Domain-adaptive Clinical NER

Biomedical event extraction can be divided into three main subtasks; (1) biomedical event trigger detection, (2) biomedical argument identification and (3) event construction. This work focuses in the two first subtasks. For the first subtask we analyze a set of transformer language models that are commonly used in the biomedical domain to evaluate and compare their capacity for event trigger detection. We fine-tune the models using seven manually annotated corpora to assess their performance in different biomedical subdomains. SciBERT emerged as the highest performing model, presenting a slight improvement compared to baseline models. Then, for the second subtask we construct a knowledge graph (KG) from the biomedical corpora and integrate its KG embeddings to SciBERT to enrich its semantic information. We demonstrate that adding the KG embeddings to the model improves the argument identification performance by around 20 \%, and by around 15 \% compared to two baseline models. Our results suggest that fine-tuning a transformer model that is pretrained from scratch with biomedical and general data allows to detect event triggers and identify arguments covering different biomedical subdomains, and therefore improving its generalization. Furthermore, the integration of KG embeddings into the model can significantly improve the performance of biomedical event argument identification, outperforming the results of baseline models.

How Much do Knowledge Graphs Impact Transformer Models for Extracting Biomedical Events?

Recently, several methods have tackled the relation extraction task with QA and have shown successful results. However, the effectiveness of existing methods in specific domains, such as the biomedical domain, is yet to be verified. When there are multiple entity pairs that share an entity in a sentence, a QA-based relation extraction model that outputs only one single answer to a given question may not extract desired relations. In addition, these methods employ QA models that are not tuned for relation extraction. To address these issues, we first extend and apply a span QA-based relation extraction method to the drug-protein relation extraction by creating question templates and incorporating entity type markers. We further propose a binary QA-based method that directly uses the entity information available in the relation extraction task. The experimental results on the DrugProt dataset show that our QA-based methods, especially the proposed binary QA method, are effective for drug-protein relation extraction.

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Overview of the RadSum23 Shared Task on Multi-modal and Multi-anatomical Radiology Report Summarization

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