Canada

In the 15-puzzle game, 15 labeled square tiles are reconfigured on a 4 × 4 board through an escort, wherein each (time) step, a single tile neighboring it may slide into it, leaving the space previously occupied by the tile as the new escort. We study a generalized sliding-tile puzzle (GSTP) in which (1) there are 1+ escorts and (2) multiple tiles can move synchronously in a single time step. Compared with popular discrete multi-agent/robot motion models, GSTP provides a more accurate model for a broad array of high-utility applications, including warehouse automation and autonomous garage parking, but is less studied due to the more involved tile interactions. In this work, we analyze optimal GSTP solution structures, establishing that computing makespan optimal solutions for GSTP is NP-complete and developing polynomial time algorithms yielding makespans approximating the minimum with expected/high probability constant factors, assuming randomized start and goal configurations.

AAAI 2024

On Computing Makespan-Optimal Solutions for Generalized Sliding-Tile Puzzles

foundations in robotics

multi-robot systems

motion and path planning

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technical paper

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Temporal Sentence Grounding in Video (TSGV) is troubled by dataset bias issue, which is caused by the uneven temporal distribution of the target moments for samples with similar semantic components in input videos or query texts. Existing methods resort to utilizing prior knowledge about bias to artificially break this uneven distribution, which only removes a limited amount of significant language biases. In this work, we propose the bias-conflict sample synthesis and adversarial removal debias strategy (BSSARD), which dynamically generates bias-conflict samples by explicitly leveraging potentially spurious correlations between single-modality features and the temporal position of the target moments. Through adversarial training, its bias generators continuously introduce biases and generate bias-conflict samples to deceive its grounding model. Meanwhile, the grounding model continuously eliminates the introduced biases, which requires it to model multi-modality alignment information. BSSARD will cover most kinds of coupling relationships and disrupt language and visual biases simultaneously. Extensive experiments on Charades-CD and ActivityNet-CD demonstrate the promising debiasing capability of BSSARD. Source codes are available at https://github.com/qzhb/BSSARD.

Bias-Conflict Sample Synthesis and Adversarial Removal Debias Strategy for Temporal Sentence Grounding in Video

Predictive maintenance has emerged as a critical application in modern transportation, leveraging sensor data to forecast potential damages proactively using machine learning. However, privacy concerns limit data sharing, making Federated learning an appealing approach to preserve data privacy. Nevertheless, challenges arise due to disparities in data distribution and temporal unavailability caused by individual usage patterns in transportation. In this paper, we present a novel asynchronous federated learning approach to address system heterogeneity and facilitate machine learning for predictive maintenance on transportation fleets. The approach introduces a novel data disparity aware aggregation scheme and a federated early stopping method for training. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, we evaluate it on two independent real-world datasets from the transportation domain: 1) oil dilution prediction of car combustion engines and 2) remaining lifetime prediction of plane turbofan engines. Our experiments show that we reliably outperform five state-of-the-art baselines, including federated and classical machine learning models. Moreover, we show that our approach generalises to various prediction model architectures.

Data Disparity and Temporal Unavailability Aware Asynchronous Federated Learning for Predictive Maintenance on Transportation Fleets

Value Iteration (VI) is one of the most classic algorithms for solving Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), which lays the foundations for various more advanced reinforcement learning algorithms, such as Q-learning. VI may take a large number of iterations to converge as it is a first-order method. In this paper, we introduce the Newton Value Iteration (NVI) algorithm, which eliminates the impact of action space dimension compared to some previous second-order methods. Consequently, NVI can efficiently handle MDPs with large action spaces. Building upon NVI, we propose a novel approach called Sketched Newton Value Iteration (SNVI) to tackle MDPs with both large state and action spaces. SNVI not only inherits the stability and fast convergence advantages of second-order algorithms, but also significantly reduces computational complexity, making it highly scalable. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our algorithms over traditional VI and previously proposed second-order VI algorithms.

Sketched Newton Value Iteration for Large-Scale Markov Decision Processes

Real-world data typically exhibit aleatoric uncertainty which has to be considered during data-driven decision-making to assess the confidence of the decision provided by machine learning models. To propagate aleatoric uncertainty represented by probability distributions (PDs) through neural networks (NNs), both sampling-based and function approximation-based methods have been proposed. However, these methods suffer from significant approximation errors and are not able to accurately represent predictive uncertainty in the NN output. In this paper, we present a novel method, Piecewise Linear Transformation (PLT), for propagating PDs through NNs with piecewise linear activation functions (e.g., ReLU NNs). PLT does not require sampling or specific assumptions about the PDs. Instead, it harnesses the piecewise linear structure of such NNs to determine the propagated PD in the output space. In this way, PLT supports the accurate quantification of predictive uncertainty based on the criterion exactness of the propagated PD. We assess this exactness in theory by showing error bounds for our propagated PD. Further, our experimental evaluation validates that PLT outperforms competing methods on publicly available real-world classification and regression datasets regarding exactness. Thus, the PDs propagated by PLT allow to assess the uncertainty of the provided decisions, offering valuable support.

Piecewise Linear Transformation – Propagating Aleatoric Uncertainty in Neural Networks | VIDEO

Improving the diversity of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) is one of the fundamental problems in the theory of generative models such as generative adversarial networks (GANs). Previous studies have demonstrated that the discriminator in GANs should have high capacity and robustness to achieve the diversity of generated data. However, a discriminator with high capacity tends to overfit and guide the generator toward collapsed equilibrium. In this study, we propose a novel discriminative forest GAN, named Forest-GAN, that replaces the discriminator to improve the capacity and robustness for modeling statistics in real-world data distribution. A discriminative forest is composed of multiple independent discriminators built on bootstrapped data. We prove that a discriminative forest has a generalization error bound, which is determined by the strength of individual discriminators and the correlations among them. Hence, a discriminative forest can provide very large capacity without any risk of overfitting, which subsequently improves the generative diversity. With the discriminative forest framework, we significantly improved the performance of AutoGAN with a new record FID of 19.27 from 30.71 on STL10 and improved the performance of StyleGAN2-ADA with a new record FID of 6.87 from 9.22 on LSUN-cat.

Discriminative Forests Improve Generative Diversity for Generative Adversarial Networks | VIDEO

Text-guided diffusion models such as DALLE-2, Imagen, and Stable Diffusion are able to generate an effectively endless variety of images given only a short text prompt describing the desired image content. In many cases the images are of very high quality. However, these models often struggle to compose scenes containing several key objects such as characters in specified positional relationships. The missing capability to ``direct'' the placement of characters and objects both within and across images is crucial in storytelling, as recognized in the literature on film and animation theory. In this work, we take a particularly straightforward approach to providing the needed direction. Drawing on the observation that the cross-attention maps for prompt words reflect the spatial layout of objects denoted by those words, we introduce an optimization objective that produces ``activation'' at desired positions in these cross-attention maps. The resulting approach is a step toward generalizing the applicability of text-guided diffusion models beyond single images to collections of related images, as in storybooks. Directed Diffusion provides easy high-level positional control over multiple objects, while making use of an existing pre-trained model and maintaining a coherent blend between the positioned objects and the background. Moreover, it requires only a few lines to implement.

Directed Diffusion: Direct Control of Object Placement through Attention Guidance

Recommender systems are typically biased toward a small group of users, leading to severe unfairness in recommendation performance, i.e., User-Oriented Fairness (UOF) issue. Existing research on UOF exhibits notable limitations in two phases of recommendation models. In the training phase, current methods fail to tackle the root cause of the UOF issue, which lies in the unfair training process between advantaged and disadvantaged users. In the evaluation phase, the current UOF metric lacks the ability to comprehensively evaluate varying cases of unfairness. In this paper, we aim to address the aforementioned limitations and ensure recommendation models treat user groups of varying activity levels equally. In the training phase, we propose a novel Intra- and Inter-GrOup Optimal Transport framework (II-GOOT) to alleviate the data sparsity problem for disadvantaged users and narrow the training gap between advantaged and disadvantaged users. In the evaluation phase, we introduce a novel metric called 𝜉-UOF, which enables the identification and assessment of various cases of UOF. This helps prevent recommendation models from leading to unfavorable fairness outcomes, where both advantaged and disadvantaged users experience subpar recommendation performance. We conduct extensive experiments on three real-world datasets based on four backbone recommendation models to prove the effectiveness of 𝜉-UOF and the efficiency of our proposed II-GOOT.

Intra- and Inter-group Optimal Transport for User-Oriented Fairness in Recommender Systems

Recently we have witnessed the rapid development of video question answering models. However, most models can only handle simple videos in terms of temporal reasoning, and their performance tends to drop when answering temporal-reasoning questions on long and informative videos. 
To tackle this problem we propose STAIR, a Spatial-Temporal Reasoning model with Auditable Intermediate Results for video question answering. STAIR is a neural module network, which contains a program generator to decompose a given question into a hierarchical combination of several sub-tasks, and a set of lightweight neural modules to complete each of these sub-tasks.
Though neural module networks are already widely studied on image-text tasks, applying them to videos is a non-trivial task, as reasoning on videos requires different abilities. In this paper, we define a set of basic video-text sub-tasks for video question answering and design a set of lightweight modules to complete them.
Different from most prior works, modules of STAIR return intermediate outputs specific to their intentions instead of always returning attention maps, which makes it easier to interpret and collaborate with pre-trained models. We also introduce intermediate supervision to make these intermediate outputs more accurate. We conduct extensive experiments on several video question answering datasets under various settings to show STAIR's performance, explainability, compatibility with pre-trained models, and applicability when program annotations are not available.  Code: https://github.com/yellow-binary-tree/STAIR

STAIR: Spatial-Temporal Reasoning with Auditable Intermediate Results for Video Question Answering

Linear programming has been practically solved mainly by simplex and interior point methods. Compared with the weakly polynomial complexity obtained by the interior point methods, the existence of strongly polynomial bounds for the length of the pivot path generated by the simplex methods remains a mystery. In this paper, we propose two novel pivot experts that leverage both global and local information of the linear programming instances for the primal simplex method and show their excellent performance numerically. The experts can be regarded as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of classical pivot rules, although they are hard to directly implement. To tackle this challenge, we employ a graph convolutional neural network model, trained via imitation learning, to mimic the behavior of the pivot expert. Our pivot rule, learned empirically, displays a significant advantage over conventional methods in various linear programming problems, as demonstrated through a series of rigorous experiments.

Learning to Pivot as a Smart Expert | VIDEO

State-of-the-art techniques in weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) using image-level labels exhibit severe performance degradation on driving scene datasets such as Cityscapes. To address this challenge, we develop a new WSSS framework tailored to driving scene datasets. Based on extensive analysis of dataset characteristics, we employ Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) as our baseline to obtain pseudo-masks. However, CLIP introduces two key challenges: (1) pseudo-masks from CLIP lack in representing small object classes, and (2) these masks contain notable noise. We propose solutions for each issue as follows. (1) We devise Global-Local View Training that seamlessly incorporates small-scale patches during model training, thereby enhancing the model's capability to handle small-sized yet critical objects in driving scenes (e.g., traffic light). (2) We introduce Consistency-Aware Region Balancing (CARB), a novel technique that discerns reliable and noisy regions through evaluating the consistency between CLIP masks and segmentation predictions. It prioritizes reliable pixels over noisy pixels via adaptive loss weighting. Notably, the proposed method achieves 51.8\% mIoU on the Cityscapes test dataset, showcasing its potential as a strong WSSS baseline on driving scene datasets. Experimental results on CamVid and WildDash2 demonstrate the effectiveness of our method across diverse datasets, even with small-scale datasets or visually challenging conditions. The code is available at https://github.com/k0u-id/CARB.

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Bias-Conflict Sample Synthesis and Adversarial Removal Debias Strategy for Temporal Sentence Grounding in Video

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